thieves :: essays research papers

     There was nothing especially extraordinary or fascinating about the house (other than the way that it was 200 and fifty years of age), however after numerous long stretches of thinking I chose to put it all on the line. It was a warm spring evening, and the moon was starting to come out. I advanced around the side of the house and right to the tree underneath the window which would lead me in. Like a snake, a crawled my way up the tree. To my joy I found the window all the way open. I put one foot in and afterward the following, until I was totally inside the room.      I took out my spotlight and bobbled through the room; truth be told, I was searching for the light switch. I turned the light on and checked out the room. It looked like â€Å"The Bombay Company† had come and enriched the spot. To one side of the entryway directly close to the storage room was a glass rack brimming with each fragrance possible, and underneath that was a round table loaded with traded salves. No big surprise the room smelled so wonderful; it was a sanctum to â€Å"Bath and Body Works†. I initially went to the wardrobe. Behind the enormous influxes of attire I discovered innumerable boxes of shoes, however it wasn’t what I was searching for. I continued to look through all the drawers, however all I discovered was crowds of cosmetics, nail clean, and one entire cabinet devoted to shampoos. I contemplated internally â€Å" What's the matter with this young lady? For what reason does she have such an extensive amount everything? What is she sparing endlessly so much stuff for, on the off chance that the shopping centers of America consume down?† I began hopping and down on her bed trying to perceive what was on the shelf, however there was still no sight of what I was searching for. I thudded down on her bed; it was delicate. I lay my head down on her pad and breathed in the sweet aroma of â€Å"she†. It was a blend of â€Å" Pear-berry†, â€Å"Pantene Pro V’†, with a trace of â€Å"Angel†.      â€Å"So this is the place she rests each night!† I shouted.      I heard a clamor outside and fell of the bed. I was mitigated to find that it was just a passing vehicle; without a doubt, I expected to work brisk. I turned over and to my incredulity there it was! Between her sleeping pad and the headboard was the one thing I have consistently needed.

YOUR LEADERSHIP PHILOSOPHY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

YOUR LEADERSHIP PHILOSOPHY - Essay Example For a pioneer, it is indispensable to uncover the representatives in different zones of worry outside the workplace. Exploration examiners contend that escaping the workplace is one of the manners by which the employees’ resolve can be helped. This makes the laborers increasingly excited in their occupations, and progressively occupied with their everyday assignments (Posner and Kouzes, 2010). For example, outside the field, it is essential that the mariners are allowed to work outside the workplace and interface with the general population. Be that as it may, this is just conceivable if the administrator offers them a chance to show duty and obligation in their occupations. This will limit the odds of offense, since the mariners are considered responsible for their activities. For a pioneer, collaboration with the youngsters is fundamental if the business is to flourish. This may involve messing with the youngsters, an angle that not just forms compatibility between the business and the representatives yet in addition makes a positive bond between the two gatherings. From the contextual analysis, it is obvious that there is a tremendous issue regarding order and duty in the Navy framework. The officials are known to be of nothing but bad bore, consistently off base because of penetrate of rules. On the off chance that the youngsters and seniors got an opportunity to connect, It would be conceivable to host a bond framing between the gatherings, and, at last, limiting the weights of the activity. Thirdly, both the expert and individual objectives of a pioneer must be adjusted if their group is to succeed. For our situation, the pioneer may embrace the arrangement of having individual time with an alternate mariner every day. This would take into consideration the pioneer to comprehend the issues of their subordinates on a direct premise. For example, this would help in revealing the purposes for the bosses breaking the Navy ethos and defense of their activities at any occasion. Likely, such workers need some consideration and steady applause for the activity that they do.

Miss Essay Example for Free

Miss Essay Assess United’s reaction to Dave Carroll’s music video. Did the aircraft handle the episode well? 3. All in all, in what manner should firms plan for the difficulties presented by client produced substance and online networking? The â€Å"United breaks guitars† video became a web sensation and has had more than 7,000,000 perspectives to date. Dave Carroll thought of his dissent melodies, he stated, thinking what Michael Moore would have done, that is, make an instrument ready to amass the furious ones. A brilliant instrument for buyer support is a viral video on the grounds that as stated, odds are youre not by any means the only one who is vexed. After Dave Carrolls recordings, United Airlines was immersed with extra grumblings, so it happened that a horrible encounter for one flyer turns into an advertising catastrophe for United Airlines. Joined recently reacted to Youtube recordings, enduring the results of a stock value felt of 10%, costing investors about $180 million. At the point when online networking are included the best reaction is the fastest reaction. Joined Airlines neglection in responding caused a wild media dispersion. Joined Airlines significant mistake was not to focus on the past occurrences of individuals utilizing online life to voice their dissatisfaction. Organizations ought to comprehend the intensity of web-based social networking for client cooperations and screen web based life locales as a major aspect of their web-based social networking client effort and advertising endeavors. A positive response of United would have been to utilize the occurrence as a positive PR chance to flaunt how they work decidedly with clients to take care of issues. The exercise for any organizations is.

How the Global Warming Affect the U.S. Economy Essay

How the Global Warming Affect the U.S. Economy - Essay Example of â€Å"Global Warming† on the economy of the United States has gravitate toward to unmistakably differing finale concerning the financial impacts of a worldwide temperature alteration. The scope of climatic changes including taking off ocean levels, ordinary storms and disastrous occasions of unreasonable climate move have colossally influenced the foundation and the common environment of US driving the economy towards descending what's more with pushing the legislature and country to observe the blasting range of tremendous costs accumulated because of the rehashed barometrical disturbance. Novel explores uncover that if the continuation of the present â€Å"climatic changes† happens than the US needs to hold up under an extra costs which will thusly can take off up to as sky-scratching as 3.5 % of the GDP. According to the specialists, the four a dangerous atmospheric devation impacts for example storm, land misfortunes, vitality expenses, and water costs are assessed to cost around 1.8 % of U.S. Gross domestic product or continuously 2100 it can increment pretty much $2.1 trillion yearly in addition, a similar research uncovers that prompt execution of the dynamic â€Å"climate assurance policies† may potentially limit the temperature enhancement up to a degree of â€Å"2 °F† and kill over half of the harm costs. The â€Å"costs† of an unnatural weather change are distinguished to massly affect the US economy as modification in ranch yield, metro wellbeing uses and foundation misfortunes are a portion of the fiscal expending impacts of â €Å"Global Warming† which accompanies all around characterized punishments. The evaluated harm expenses of the biggest debacle â€Å"Hurricane Katrina† in the U.S. history is esteemed at $81.2 billions also with a formally asserted loss of life of 1,836 and announced missing of in excess of 1000 individuals which is completely twofold estimation of the past tempests saw by this incredible nation. The fiasco had influenced the harvests prompting value ascent of food things and affected electric gracefully leaving about 3 million individuals languish over the sufficient

Can Computer Think? :: essays research papers

Would computers be able to Think? The Case For and Against Artificial Intelligence Artificial insight has been the subject of numerous terrible "80's" motion pictures and innumerable sci-fi books. In any case, what happens when we truly consider the subject of PCs that think. Is it workable for PCs to have complex considerations, and even feelings, similar to homo sapien? This paper will try to address that question and furthermore see what endeavors are being made to make computerized reasoning (in the future called AI) a reality. Before we can research whether PCs can think, it is important to set up what precisely believing is. Inspecting the three principle hypotheses is similar to looking at three religions. None offers enough help in order to successfully dispose of the chance of the others being valid. The three fundamental speculations are: 1. Thought doesn't exist; end of conversation. 2. Thought exists, however is contained entirely in the cerebrum. As suc h, the real material of the mind is fit for what we distinguish as thought. 3. Thought is the aftereffect of an enchanted marvels including the spirit and an entire slew of other unprovable thoughts. Since neither peruser nor author is a researcher, in every practical sense, we will say just that thinking is the thing that we (as homo sapien) experience. So what are we to think about knowledge? The most convincing contention is that insight is the capacity to adjust to a situation. Personal computers can, say, go to a particular WWW address. Yet, in the event that the location were transformed, it wouldn't realize how to approach finding the upgraded one (or even that it should). So insight is the capacity to play out an assignment thinking about the conditions of finishing the errand. So since we have the entirety of that out of that way, would computers be able to think? The issue is challenged as fervently among researchers as the benefits of Superman over Batman is among pre-pub escent young men. From one viewpoint are the researchers who state, as scholar John Searle does, that â€Å"Programs are all grammar and no semantics.† (Discover, 106) Put another way, a PC can really accomplish thought since it â€Å"merely keeps decides that disclose to it how to move images while never understanding the significance of those symbols.† (Discover, 106) On the opposite side of the discussion are the promoters of anarchy, clarified by Robert Wright in Time along these lines: â€Å"[O]ur mind subliminally produces contending speculations about the world, and just the ‘winning' hypothesis turns out to be a piece of cognizance.

How to Deal With Negative Emotions and Stress

How to Deal With Negative Emotions and Stress Emotions Print How to Deal With Negative Emotions and Stress By Elizabeth Scott, MS twitter Elizabeth Scott, MS, is a wellness coach specializing in stress management and quality of life, and the author of 8 Keys to Stress Management. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Scott, MS Updated on October 15, 2019 Photography by Elvira Kalviste / Moment / Getty Images More in Psychology Emotions Psychotherapy Basics Student Resources History and Biographies Theories Phobias Sleep and Dreaming This is a common problem for many people: just how are we supposed to deal with negative emotions that keep coming up when were stressed or hurt? Should we stuff our anger and frustration away and pretend it doesnt exist, so we can minimize the fallout from these emotions? Or should we risk making things worse by saying or doing the wrong thing? As it turns out, stuffing emotions  is definitely not the healthiest option and there are easy techniques that anyone can use.?? If youve wondered what to do with these feelings, however, you are not alone in struggling with negative emotions. Many people have the same question about stress and coping. When they feel overcome with negative emotions like hurt, frustration or anger, they know they shouldnt pretend they feel nothing, but they also dont want to dwell on negative feelings and ruminate. But while most of us have heard that these are not healthy strategies for stress relief, what other options are there? Choosing to Deal With Negative Emotions Ignoring feelings (like stuffing your anger) is not the healthiest way to deal with them.  Generally speaking, that does not make them go away but can cause them to come out in different ways.?? That’s because your emotions act as signals to you that what you are doing in your life is or isn’t working. Feeling angry or frustrated can be a signal that something needs to change. If you don’t change the situations or thought patterns that are causing these uncomfortable emotions, you will continue to be triggered by them. Also, while you are not dealing with the emotions you are feeling, they can cause problems with your physical and emotional health.?? Rumination, or the tendency to dwell on anger, resentment and other uncomfortable feelings, however, brings health consequences as well.?? So it’s important to listen to your emotions and then take steps to let them go. Rumination: Why Do People Obsess Over Things? Understand Your Emotions Look within and try to pinpoint the situations that are creating the stress and negative emotions in your life. Negative emotions can come from a triggering event: an overwhelming workload, for example.Negative emotions are also the result of our thoughts surrounding an event; the way we interpret what happened can alter how we experience the event and whether or not it causes stress. The key job of your emotions is to get you to see the problem, so you can make necessary changes. Change What You Can Take what you’ve learned from my first recommendation and put it into practice. Cut down on your stress triggers and you’ll find yourself feeling negative emotions less frequently. This could include: Cutting down on job stress.  Learning the practices of assertive communication (so you don’t feel trampled by people).Changing negative thought patterns through a process known as cognitive restructuring.?? Find an Outlet Making changes in your life can cut down on negative emotions, but it won’t eliminate your stress triggers entirely. As you make changes in your life to bring about less frustration, you will also need to find healthful outlets for dealing with these emotions. Regular exercise can provide an emotional lift as well as an outlet for negative emotions.??Meditation can help you find some inner space to work with, so your emotions don’t feel so overwhelming.??Finding opportunities for having fun and getting more laughter in your life can also change your perspective and relieve stress. Find a few of these outlets, and you’ll feel less overwhelmed when negative emotions do arise. You will also want to practice healthy options for ongoing stress reduction. Give them a try and you’ll feel less stressed. Stress Management Resources You Can Really Use

Health and Safety Policy Case Study - 1650 Words

Health and Safety Policy (Case Study Sample) Content: Health and Safety PolicyInstitutionDateIntroductionEach and every organization or a company is entitled to have a properly written and documented health and safety policy. Health and safety policy is a statement by the management insisting on the organizational commitment towards the protection of the health and safety of its workers and the general public. Coca Cola Drinks and Beverages Company is a manufacturing company dealing with production of soft drinks. Its safety policy are friendly and comprehensively composed in accordance to law and for the wellbeing of all its shareholders (Company, 2015).Management Commitment and Employee Involvement.The personal safety and health of each and every employee Coca Cola drinks and Beverages Company is of great importance. Preventing occupationally-induced injuries and illnesses is of such consequence that it will be given precedence over operating productivity whenever necessary. To the greatest degree possible, management will provide all mechanical and physical facilities required for personal safety and health in keeping with the highest standards. In addition to companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s specific occupational health and safety standards, the Company deliberates its OHS program via a structured fulfilment of the Occupational Health and Safety Assessment Series standard OHSAS 18001 (Servicenl.gov.nl.ca, 2015).The Company recognizes the need for cooperation in enforcing stipulated safety and health policies. The employer leads the initiative of promoting and enforcing the policies as the juniors and supervisors are mandated to develop positive attitude and understanding of guidelines. Every person should comply with set rules and governing regulations for continuity of practicality of the duties at Coca Cola drinks and Beverages Company. A copy of the companies safety policy is available it Appendix A of this paper.Self-InspectionSelf- inspection conduction of major safety areas by Coca Cola drinks and Be verages Company.The company health and safety agents, KORE, conducts mandatory inspection in areas but not limited to; medical services and first aid, fire protection, floors and wall openings, stairs and stairways, machine guarding, hazardous chemical exposure and others. This and other checks are conducted to ensure employees safety is kept above the threshold stipulated by law and for the wellbeing of every party (Stellman, 1998). Self-inspection script on some areas of the company is available at the appendix B in this paper.Worksite Analysis.Following a self-inspection conducted around the main sections of the firm with great health and safety risks, the findings were generally pleasing. With less disconformity with the set standards and the company set threshold. In the chemical handling department à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ the area with high possibilities of risk à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ much need to be done. Labelling of chemicals was poorly done and tanks containing acidic contents were being corrode d due to high concentrations. Also some few junior employees were operating without required safety garments. However, good observations were made as all chemicals used were in correct standard ranges in accordance with the stipulated guidelines (Osha.gov, 2015).The machinery operations were being done in right manner with an exception of lose security loopholes. There needed be more security personnel deployment at some strategic points. The correct measures and priorities are mentioned in appendix C.Fire department has been doing exuberant work. All apparatus in good shape and at correct points. The workers were also found to have right kits. The only changes required were on distance of separation. And a new recommendation of installing fire extinguishers in every office were made.Hazard prevention and controlStep action report is the schedule used in defining how the course of actions will be executed. After the overall action plan, the management makes step action report showin g assignment planned, individual accorded the responsibility and specific important dates. The report is a kind of a module stipulating how things will be conducted. It also shows the delays experienced and corrective measures undertaken. A sample of the same for Coca Cola Company is attached as appendix D of this paper.On the other hand, collective measures are instilled to provide workers with conducive working environment. All employees are accorded similar working privileges while at ground level. The ability of a company to improvise their working standards should be part of solution. A worker provided with such measures feels secure while undertaking company operations. Coca Cola Company provides such a platform, hence allowing workers improved safety and environment. A sample can be found at appendix ETraining for Employees, Supervisors, and Managers.According to the organization guidelines each and every new employee is subjected to a training program at the beginning of his career with the company. Vocational training are scheduled in each operational year. The company also makes seminal training to update the workers on emerging trends. Refresher training are conducted on departmental scales. Managers and supervisors are accorded management training at least once a year in accordance with the company principles.The company however, is planning to advance its training programs and incorporate new training methods. The newly proposed methods by the management includes; involving external experts in its trainings. The managers are also to go for one annual training session in one university of choice. Finally, a proposal to publish training booklets are in the process.Integration of Faith and LearningThe welfare of every worker is on the hands of human resource department of the company at any particular moment. Therefore, the human resource manager is obliged to make welfare plans and coordination amongst workers. Each employee is entitled to health in surance and compensation for any injuries incurred when conducting routine company operations. It is the role of the human resource manager to keep health records and registers of all employees ensuring no worker is at work while not in good working shape.ConclusionCoca Cola Drinks and Beverages Company believes the safety and health of their workers is a vital business imperative. The company conducts proper health and safety operation. Coca cola also believes that it is every employeeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s responsibility to maintain an environment that is suitable for working, free from all kinds of discrimination and harassment. The company has also put in place a legal counsel and an ethics department that assist workers faced with legal advice in case of any violation of their rights. Coca Cola Company also ensures that laws of a nation that governs safety of workers are fulfilled (Company, 2015). The Company endorsed UN principles on business and Human rights in the year 2007 to ensure workers right are not violated. Correct measures are put in place to ensure all workers enjoy their time while working with the company as stipulated in most of the sections in this paper.ReferencesCompany,. (2015). Safety and Health. The Coca-Cola Company. Retrieved 6 April 2015, from -colacompany.com/our-company/safety-healthServicenl.gov.nl.ca,. (2015). Developing Occupational Health and Safety Policies and Programs | Service NL. Retrieved 6 April 2015, from /ohs/safety_info/si_safety_programs.htmlOsha.gov,. (2015). Safety and Health Management Systems eTool | Module 2 - Overview of System Components: Worksite Analysis. Retrieved 6 April 2015, from /SLTC/etools/safetyhealth/comp2.htmlStellman, J. (1998). Encyclopedia of occupational health and safety. Geneva: Internat. Labour Office.APPENDIX AThe company safety policyThe Coca-Cola Operating Requirements (KORE) are used as standard reference in enforcing managing policies, the quality and environment throughout our operations. On this grounds, KORE subject all our manufacturing, processing and distribution facilities OHSAS 18001 or an equivalent of globally recognized systems of safety management.Also the company offers physical and mechanical safeguards to all our employees to highest level attainable. In order to achieve safety in our operations, KORE stipulates some defined operational controls capable of handling most probable risks. The controls are in accordance with global standards. The company also conducts audit on fulfilment of manufacturing operations with set guidelines and the expected company occupational safety and health. In addition, we audit the compliance of each of our manufacturing operations with applicable laws and regulations and our Company occupational safety and health obligation.We provide substantial health and safety training and seminars. All training are guided by KORE training requirements as well as international baselines. The training involves newly hired employees as w ell as already existing ones à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ in periodic refresher trainings. Both our employees and persons working on our behalf are educated on proper safety and health practices. In addition, KORE has set up awarding system that recognizes excellent safety performance.APPENDIX BHazardous chemical exposure self-inspection.The employees training on how to handle chemicals is highly ensured. Awareness of employees on risks involved and potential hazards during operation is of great concern. Scrutiny on chemical exposure safety levels is highly monitored too. Sources of eye wash fountains and safety showers are checked into to ensure their provision. Chemical tanks labelling is overlooked to avoid confusion. Security of the storages areas is also of major interest. The cleanness levels and arrangements in the laboratory and other chemical operation sectors is also observe... Health and Safety Policy Case Study - 1650 Words Health and Safety Policy (Case Study Sample) Content: Health and Safety PolicyInstitutionDateIntroductionEach and every organization or a company is entitled to have a properly written and documented health and safety policy. Health and safety policy is a statement by the management insisting on the organizational commitment towards the protection of the health and safety of its workers and the general public. Coca Cola Drinks and Beverages Company is a manufacturing company dealing with production of soft drinks. Its safety policy are friendly and comprehensively composed in accordance to law and for the wellbeing of all its shareholders (Company, 2015).Management Commitment and Employee Involvement.The personal safety and health of each and every employee Coca Cola drinks and Beverages Company is of great importance. Preventing occupationally-induced injuries and illnesses is of such consequence that it will be given precedence over operating productivity whenever necessary. To the greatest degree possible, management will provide all mechanical and physical facilities required for personal safety and health in keeping with the highest standards. In addition to companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s specific occupational health and safety standards, the Company deliberates its OHS program via a structured fulfilment of the Occupational Health and Safety Assessment Series standard OHSAS 18001 (Servicenl.gov.nl.ca, 2015).The Company recognizes the need for cooperation in enforcing stipulated safety and health policies. The employer leads the initiative of promoting and enforcing the policies as the juniors and supervisors are mandated to develop positive attitude and understanding of guidelines. Every person should comply with set rules and governing regulations for continuity of practicality of the duties at Coca Cola drinks and Beverages Company. A copy of the companies safety policy is available it Appendix A of this paper.Self-InspectionSelf- inspection conduction of major safety areas by Coca Cola drinks and Be verages Company.The company health and safety agents, KORE, conducts mandatory inspection in areas but not limited to; medical services and first aid, fire protection, floors and wall openings, stairs and stairways, machine guarding, hazardous chemical exposure and others. This and other checks are conducted to ensure employees safety is kept above the threshold stipulated by law and for the wellbeing of every party (Stellman, 1998). Self-inspection script on some areas of the company is available at the appendix B in this paper.Worksite Analysis.Following a self-inspection conducted around the main sections of the firm with great health and safety risks, the findings were generally pleasing. With less disconformity with the set standards and the company set threshold. In the chemical handling department à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ the area with high possibilities of risk à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ much need to be done. Labelling of chemicals was poorly done and tanks containing acidic contents were being corrode d due to high concentrations. Also some few junior employees were operating without required safety garments. However, good observations were made as all chemicals used were in correct standard ranges in accordance with the stipulated guidelines (Osha.gov, 2015).The machinery operations were being done in right manner with an exception of lose security loopholes. There needed be more security personnel deployment at some strategic points. The correct measures and priorities are mentioned in appendix C.Fire department has been doing exuberant work. All apparatus in good shape and at correct points. The workers were also found to have right kits. The only changes required were on distance of separation. And a new recommendation of installing fire extinguishers in every office were made.Hazard prevention and controlStep action report is the schedule used in defining how the course of actions will be executed. After the overall action plan, the management makes step action report showin g assignment planned, individual accorded the responsibility and specific important dates. The report is a kind of a module stipulating how things will be conducted. It also shows the delays experienced and corrective measures undertaken. A sample of the same for Coca Cola Company is attached as appendix D of this paper.On the other hand, collective measures are instilled to provide workers with conducive working environment. All employees are accorded similar working privileges while at ground level. The ability of a company to improvise their working standards should be part of solution. A worker provided with such measures feels secure while undertaking company operations. Coca Cola Company provides such a platform, hence allowing workers improved safety and environment. A sample can be found at appendix ETraining for Employees, Supervisors, and Managers.According to the organization guidelines each and every new employee is subjected to a training program at the beginning of his career with the company. Vocational training are scheduled in each operational year. The company also makes seminal training to update the workers on emerging trends. Refresher training are conducted on departmental scales. Managers and supervisors are accorded management training at least once a year in accordance with the company principles.The company however, is planning to advance its training programs and incorporate new training methods. The newly proposed methods by the management includes; involving external experts in its trainings. The managers are also to go for one annual training session in one university of choice. Finally, a proposal to publish training booklets are in the process.Integration of Faith and LearningThe welfare of every worker is on the hands of human resource department of the company at any particular moment. Therefore, the human resource manager is obliged to make welfare plans and coordination amongst workers. Each employee is entitled to health in surance and compensation for any injuries incurred when conducting routine company operations. It is the role of the human resource manager to keep health records and registers of all employees ensuring no worker is at work while not in good working shape.ConclusionCoca Cola Drinks and Beverages Company believes the safety and health of their workers is a vital business imperative. The company conducts proper health and safety operation. Coca cola also believes that it is every employeeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s responsibility to maintain an environment that is suitable for working, free from all kinds of discrimination and harassment. The company has also put in place a legal counsel and an ethics department that assist workers faced with legal advice in case of any violation of their rights. Coca Cola Company also ensures that laws of a nation that governs safety of workers are fulfilled (Company, 2015). The Company endorsed UN principles on business and Human rights in the year 2007 to ensure workers right are not violated. Correct measures are put in place to ensure all workers enjoy their time while working with the company as stipulated in most of the sections in this paper.ReferencesCompany,. (2015). Safety and Health. The Coca-Cola Company. Retrieved 6 April 2015, from -colacompany.com/our-company/safety-healthServicenl.gov.nl.ca,. (2015). Developing Occupational Health and Safety Policies and Programs | Service NL. Retrieved 6 April 2015, from /ohs/safety_info/si_safety_programs.htmlOsha.gov,. (2015). Safety and Health Management Systems eTool | Module 2 - Overview of System Components: Worksite Analysis. Retrieved 6 April 2015, from /SLTC/etools/safetyhealth/comp2.htmlStellman, J. (1998). Encyclopedia of occupational health and safety. Geneva: Internat. Labour Office.APPENDIX AThe company safety policyThe Coca-Cola Operating Requirements (KORE) are used as standard reference in enforcing managing policies, the quality and environment throughout our operations. On this grounds, KORE subject all our manufacturing, processing and distribution facilities OHSAS 18001 or an equivalent of globally recognized systems of safety management.Also the company offers physical and mechanical safeguards to all our employees to highest level attainable. In order to achieve safety in our operations, KORE stipulates some defined operational controls capable of handling most probable risks. The controls are in accordance with global standards. The company also conducts audit on fulfilment of manufacturing operations with set guidelines and the expected company occupational safety and health. In addition, we audit the compliance of each of our manufacturing operations with applicable laws and regulations and our Company occupational safety and health obligation.We provide substantial health and safety training and seminars. All training are guided by KORE training requirements as well as international baselines. The training involves newly hired employees as w ell as already existing ones à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ in periodic refresher trainings. Both our employees and persons working on our behalf are educated on proper safety and health practices. In addition, KORE has set up awarding system that recognizes excellent safety performance.APPENDIX BHazardous chemical exposure self-inspection.The employees training on how to handle chemicals is highly ensured. Awareness of employees on risks involved and potential hazards during operation is of great concern. Scrutiny on chemical exposure safety levels is highly monitored too. Sources of eye wash fountains and safety showers are checked into to ensure their provision. Chemical tanks labelling is overlooked to avoid confusion. Security of the storages areas is also of major interest. The cleanness levels and arrangements in the laboratory and other chemical operation sectors is also observe...

Film The Breakfast Club Essay - 993 Words

The movie The Breakfast Club was released in 1985, and is based on a group of five high school students from stereotypical cliques; the popular, jock, nerd and the outcasts, who all wind up stuck together for Saturday detention. Throughout the movie many themes present themselves such as teenage rebellion, peer pressure and family issues as the students get to know each other. The most prominent theme throughout the movie is the student’s placement in the social structure of the school. From the very different reasons why they are in detention to the way that they are all treated differently by the principle, their social placement is evident. In the movie, the principle asks the students to each write a 1,000 word essay on who they†¦show more content†¦It is very similar to high school with the jocks, the popular kids, the people who climb themselves up the social ladder, and the people who just happen to fall into popularity. Many times with people of the Upper Class, they believe that they can get away with anything by either paying someone off to not suffer the consequences, or whoever does find out will just brush it under the table because of who they are. Similarly, Claire, the popular one, is in Saturday detention because she got caught skipping class to go shopping. She thought that her dad would have the power to get her out of detention but he didn’t. This mirrors how members of the Upper Class will often pay their way out of a lawsuit or legal issues because they have the ability to do so. Also, Andy who is the jock in the movie is in detention because he â€Å"taped Larry Lester’s buns together,† and he thought that he wouldn’t have to face detention because he was a varsity athlete. This can be compared to professional athletes that commit a crime and instead of being charged for it immediately or at all. Therefore, the Upper Class of America and the social elites of high school are very similar and the members of these social groups rely on their status to get themselves through certain unfavorable situations. The Middle Class of high school is the students who don’t doShow MoreRelatedAnalysis of the Film The Breakfast Club1629 Words   |  7 PagesThe Breakfast Club Introduction In life there are a number of challenges that everyone will go through. This is a part of discovering who they are and what they want to do with themselves. To help explain these differences, Erikson introduced his development theory. This helps to address some of the challenges and needs that person will go through at particular stages in their lives. To fully understand these phases there will be a focus on two characters from the film The Breakfast Club andRead MoreThe Breakfast Club Film Analysis1174 Words   |  5 PagesThe Breakfast Club is an 80’s teen classic film that brings out the meaning of knowing one another and realizing that each student has a story about themselves that leaves a different impression on them than the title they were given by other people. The Breakfast Club is a stereotypical film that depicts the flaws of five students serving detention on a Saturday. The Breakfast Club really captures the value of realism and leaves a huge impression on stu dents who go through the same similaritiesRead MoreFilm Analysis Of The Breakfast Club 2143 Words   |  9 Pages Joohyun Cho Introduction to Psychology Film Analysis of The Breakfast Club Introduction The film The Breakfast Club was directed and written by John Hughes and was released in the year 1985 (IMDB, 2016). The film’s running time is 95 minutes and can be categorized under the genre of comedy and drama. It follows five teenagers, who all vary in personality and stereotype, get stuck in detention on a Saturday morning. They are all different types of people in nature but whenRead MoreThe Breakfast Club : Film Review929 Words   |  4 PagesThe Breakfast Club is an often talked about film. One of the reasons for this is how it analyzes different social groups formed in high school, or even life. The groups that it talks about are The Brain, The Athlete, The Basket Case, The Princess, and The Criminal. One difficulty I had with this essay is that I found out I have a pretty limited social circle. I don’t talk to many people and most of the people I do talk to are brains. I am very much like one of the characters in the movie. Even thoughRead MoreThe Breakfast C lub is a Coming-of-Age Film628 Words   |  2 Pages The Breakfast Club is a coming of age film about a group of high school kids that have been sentenced to a saturday detention. Each of these kids represents a clique or a stereotype within the average high school demographic. Throughout the film they learn that appearances are not everything and that they share more in common then they are aware. Under the eye of their principal this group struggles to sit through the detention without getting at each others throats, but they somehow manage to formRead MoreChanges in John Hughes Film The Breakfast Club Essay1075 Words   |  5 Pagestheme that binds together the characters in John Hughes’s film â€Å"The Breakfast Club†. Hughes is the writer and director of â€Å"The Breakfast Club† which was released in February 1985. Although this movie is almost 29 years old, it is still just as applicable to today’s society as it was then. Hughes is also known for other films of the same era which include, â€Å"Sixteen Candles†, â€Å"Pretty in Pink†, and â€Å"Ferris Buehler’s Day Off†. These films also feature the issues of teens, but their main focus isRead MoreFilm Analysis - Social Penetration Theory in the Breakfast Club2129 Words   |  9 PagesSocial Penetration Theory in The Breakfast Club The Social Penetration Theory, adapted by Irwin Altman and Dalmas Taylor, is based on the idea that people are layered like onions, (Griffin 133). These layers are made up by different things that hide an individual’s true self. One’s true self can include his or her hopes, fears, likes, dislikes, aspirations and other things that one thinks about. For individuals to become close, they must get past all of the facades and disclose their trueRead MoreWhy Should You Watch The Breakfast Club? Essay1739 Words   |  7 Pages Why Should You Watch The Breakfast Club? Alexandria L. McVicker Zane State College  â€Å"Dear Mr. Vernon: We accept the fact that we had to sacrifice a whole Saturday in detention for whatever it was that we did wrong. What we did was wrong. But we think you re crazy to make us write this essay telling you who we think we are. What do you care? You see us as you want to see us... in the simplest terms and the most convenient definitions. You see us as a brain, an athlete, a basketRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Breakfast Club 1230 Words   |  5 PagesThe Breakfast Club is a movie about five students from Shermer High School who gather on a Saturday to sit through eight hours of detention. These five students; Andrew Clark, Claire Standish, John Bender, Allison Reynolds and Brian Johnson, have nothing in common. The Breakfast Club zooms in on the high school social groups and cliques that are often seen in the development of peer groups during adolescents. The peer groups that are portrayed in The Breakfast Club include, John â€Å"the criminal†, ClaireRead MoreCultural Signif icance Of Teen Films1426 Words   |  6 PagesTeen films are the definitive genre that captures the adolescent zeitgeist during the 1980s, and its popularity still hold cultural relevance in the present day. The teen films produced during the 1980s effectively represent youth concerns and the coming-of-age narrative, in terms of adolescent identity, the different roles characters play, sexuality, gender, relationships, class issues and the generational divide. Exploring these issues is essential for recognizing the cultural significance of this

Determinism And Its Effects On Life Paths - 870 Words

In this world our race, location, family, and social class are already predetermined. We do not get to choose the position we are born into. Since we live in a world where most of our choices are made for us, some of us are luckier than others. Some people are born to better circumstances in life paths because of luckier predestined factors and qualities afforded to them. Because of the status in which we are born into, the journey we set ourselves on in life is a preconceived path that can be very cumbersome to deviate from. The path may be hard to digress from, but it is still possible for humans to determine their own outcomes and life paths, because we have free will and free will allows us to do this. Determinism is the belief that our lives are already decided and set in motion, and that we can change our actions but are unable to change our destiny that is already set forth. However, free will is the ability to make our own decisions and set our own paths in life. Similar to t he belief that we decide how we end up and what we do in life, some Christians believe God gives us free will but he also has our ending fate already set in stone. This perspective definitely conveys contradictions, because it states that we as people have control over something that is already out of our control. As a spiritual individual, compared to that of being religious, I believe we as people are put onto a set path based on social constructions that are created by society.Show MoreRelatedThe Ideology Of Life : The Chaos Theory And Synchronicity784 Words   |  4 PagesLife is unpredictable and everything happens for a reason. However, sometimes the reason is not always apparent to those who encounter life and its mysteries. Life follows a deterministic path, meaning for every action in life, there yields an effect on someone or something. The Chaos Theory and synchronicity are perfect ideologies that show that mankinds life follows a deterministic path. The Chaos Theory is an ideology that no matter how small the event is, it will cause another more intricateRead MoreEdith Wharton s Roman Fever1251 Words   |  6 PagesThe majority of people in society today believe in free will and that they can choose what happens in their own life. Others acknowledge an unknown force that shapes their lives, which they have no control over. This conflict can be explained by the Determinism theory. Determinism is a philosophy described as human beings having no free will and therefore, cannot control their own actions and should not be held accountable. This philosophy is seen in Edith Wharton’s short story â€Å"Roman Fever† by herRead MoreHard Determinism Essay example801 Words   |  4 PagesHard Determinism There are several viewpoints which consider whether we are free when making decisions and taking courses of action. One of these perspectives is hard determinism. J. Mackie described hard determinism as: The view that all actions are explicable in terms of their causes and are therefore inevitable (J. Mackie) This outlines the basic idea that no action or decision is free. This is based upon the notion that for an action to happen thereRead MoreFree Will and Choices1546 Words   |  7 Pageswithin the water. Whether I drink or refrain from the water, my action are the reason of the out coming and effect of the motion I take next. Holbach concludes that every human action that is take like everything occurring in nature, â€Å"is necessary consequences of cause, visible or concealed, that are forced to act according to their proper nature.† (pg. 269) A reading â€Å"The Dilemma of Determinism† by William James’s, he explains that everything that happens in the future is already predicted by the wayRead MoreEssay on Free Will Versus Determinism1082 Words   |  5 Pages Free Will Versus Determinism The controversy between free will and determinism has been argued about for years. What is the difference between the two? Looking in a dictionary, free will is the power, attributed to human beings, of making free choices that are unconstrained by external circumstances or by an agency such as fate or divine will. Free will allows free choice. Yet, determinism is the total opposite. Determinism has this definition: The philosophical doctrine that every event, actRead MoreDeterminism Is True By Robert Blatchford And Walter Terence Stace874 Words   |  4 Pagestruly mean I am free? There are a lot of questions that you can ask yourself while following a routine. Is this really the path I should have taken? Were my choices determined by external factors? Determinism is the thesis that an any instant there is only one physically possible future. Robert Blatchford and Walter Terence Stace, two philosophers, both agree that determinism is true, although they have two different views on whether this means that people are free or not. Blatchford believes thatRead MorePersuasive Essay : Animal Lover979 Words   |  4 PagesIf there are any two words that could describe me better than anything, they would be â€Å"animal lover.† Animals have always been a huge part of my life—my passion—which is why I am now pursuing a career in Veterinary Medicine. With this being said, when I fourteen years old, I had a p et calf named Lucy. I had raised and bottle-fed Lucy from the time she was only a day old. She was a great pet and friend. I loved that calf and she loved me. One sunny summer day, I came home to find that Lucy was notRead MoreDeterminism Vs. Free Will1341 Words   |  6 PagesDeterminism is a doctrine suggesting that for every event there exist conditions that could cause no alternative event. Free will is a philosophical term describing a particular sort of capacity of rational agents to choose a course of action from among various alternatives. Understandably, the dichotomy between these two concepts is a topic philosophers have debated over for many years. As a result of these debates, a number of alternative philosophical perspectives arguing for the existence ofRead MorePersonal Journal: Philosophy Class1273 Words   |  6 Pagesit. I learned a lot different philosophers’ theories. When I learned their theories, I never thought of it. I walks day-by-day living my life and I never thought how my day plays out the way its does or breaking down how my day. I have my own individuals have a choice how I live and decide on where I goes. There are different between free will and determinism. The question is Do you believe we live in a free will world or has everything been planned out and is determined to happen no matter whatRead MoreOutline on the Free Will Argument Essay719 Words   |  3 PagesThe Free Will Argument (There is Free Choice) I. Introduction a. Attention Gatherer: Nothing is completely random, and everything is determined, as the determinist would say, but as humans, there is such a thing as self determinism. Each action has a cause, it is not random, and it is rational, but it is also a choice. Each individual can choose to do a multitude of things, and thus the actions are free, and they are not wholly predictable, but they are not wholly unpredictable either

Julian the Apostate and Fall of Paganism

When the Roman Emperor Julian (Flavius Claudius Julianus) came to power, Christianity was less popular than polytheism, but when Julian, a pagan (in contemporary usage) known as the Apostate, was killed in battle, it was the end of Roman official acceptance of polytheism. Although paganism was popular, Julians practice was more ascetic than normal pagan practices, which may be why paganism failed when the Apostate reinstated it. From  Gore Vidals  Julian: Julian has always been something of an underground hero in Europe. His attempt to stop Christianity and revive Hellenism exerts still a romantic appeal. When the Roman emperor Julian the Apostate, died in Persia, his supporters failed to maintain support for paganism as the official state religion. It wasnt called paganism at the time, but was known as Hellenism and is sometimes referred to Hellenistic paganism. Instead of the ancient religion returning to the Roman Empire, the popular Emperor Constantines Christianity re-emerged as the dominant one. This seems odd since Christianity wasnt as popular among the people as Hellenism, so scholars have searched Julians life and administration for clues to why the apostasy (which means the standing away from [Christianity]) failed. Julian (born A.D. 332), the nephew of the first Christian emperor, Constantine, was trained as a Christian, yet he is known as an apostate because when he became emperor (A.D. 360) he opposed Christianity. In The Demise of Paganism, James J. ODonnell suggests that the emperors particularly vehement stance against Christianity (and support for the other monotheistic religion, Judaism) stems from his Christian upbringing. Julians Intolerance Although any such generalization is hazardous, pagans of the time generally held religion to be a private matter, while Christians behaved strangely in trying to convert others to their faith. They claimed that Salvation made possible through Jesus was the only true belief. In the wake of the Nicene Council, Christian leaders condemned all who failed to believe in the prescribed manner. To be a pagan in the old tradition, Julian should have let everyone worship as he or she wished. Instead of letting each person worship in his own way, Julian stripped the Christians of their privileges, powers, and rights. And he did so from their own perspective: the intolerant attitude that ones private religion is of public concern. From The Demise of Paganism: In summary, it is necessary to look upon the religious sociology of the fourth century with two separate (if often, and confusingly, overlapping) distinctions in mind: that between worshippers of Christ and worshippers of other gods; and that between men who could accept a plurality of worships and those who insisted on the validity of a single form of religious experience to the exclusion of all others. Julians Elitism Other writers say the failure of Julian to reintegrate Hellenistic paganism into the framework of Roman society came from his inability to make it popular and his insistence that true understanding is impossible to the average mortal, but is reserved for philosophers. Another important factor was that the Christian creeds were far more unified than paganism. Paganism wasnt a single religion and adherents to different gods did not necessarily support each other.   The panoply of religious experience in the Roman world before Constantine was simply bewildering: from back-yard fertility rites through public, state-supported cults to the mystical ascents of which Platonic philosophers wrote with such devotion—and everything between, over, under, and all around such phenomena. There were public cults indigenous to the various parts of the empire, certain generally (if often lukewarmly) accepted devotions such as that to the divinity of the emperors, and a vast array of private enthusiasms. That such a spectrum of religious experiences should produce a single-minded population capable of forming itself into a single pagan movement with which Christianity could struggle is simply not probable. Lack of a Powerful Pagan Successor to Julian In 363, when Julian died, he was succeeded by Jovian, a Christian, at least nominally, instead of the obvious choice, Julians praetorian prefect, the moderate polytheist, Saturninius Secundus Salutius. Secundus Salutius didnt want the job even though it meant continuing Julians mission. Paganism was diverse and tolerant of this diversity. Secundus Salutius didnt share the late emperors parochial attitudes or specific beliefs. No other pagan emperor came to power before the Roman state outlawed pagan practices. Even so 1,700 years later, we continue to be predominantly a Christian society in terms of our beliefs, it may have been the pagan attitude of religious tolerance that prevailed. Sources and Further References Ch.23, Part I of Gibbons The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire.Julians Pagan Revival and the Decline of Blood Sacrifice, by Scott Bradbury;  Phoenix Vol. 49, No. 4 (Winter, 1995), pp. 331-356.

A Modest Rape The Eighteenth Century And The Power Of...

Linda Rector May 14, 2015 ENG 215 Final Research Paper A Modest Rape: The Eighteenth Century and the Power of Satire During the restoration in the eighteenth century, wit and reason came to the forefront of literary works. Keen intellect and sharp observation exposed moral corruption of the neoclassic British society through the use of satiric literature. Although they placed importance on the ideals of order, knowledge, and rational, there was an underlying obsession with maintaining a faà §ade of moral and political supremacy. British satirists, such as Jonathan Swift and Alexander Pope, aimed to expose their society’s shortcomings, and to ridicule centuries of conditioned thought. Although Pope and Swift used different mediums to present their satire, they both focused on the ludicrous aspects of British nobility, and found ways to point out their morally corrupt standards of living. In Alexander Pope’s poem The Rape of the Lock, he criticizes the fallacies of vanity in the upper class, and how socialites used religion as a commodity. The story was actually based on an incident among Pope’s friends in which Robert, Lord Petre cut off a lock of Aranella Fermor’s hair, which caused a dispute among their families (Olsen 218). A mutual friend named John Caryll convinced Pope to write the poem as an attempt to mend the broken bond between the two families. The plan worked, and everyone was content until Pope decided to publish the poem for fear of plagiarism (Olsen 219).Show MoreRelatedJohn Cleland s Memoirs Of A Woman Of Pleasure Essay6388 Words   |  26 Pageswhat may be described as the stereotypic prostitute. The repeated portraits of fair-skinned Englishwomen who are incapable of pregnancy, immune to disease, and â€Å"sexually responsive far beyond the call of . . . professional duty† become â€Å"the eighteenth‑century ve rsion of the centerfold† (Markley 348), verbally airbrushing both the prostitutes’ looks and the harsh realities of their working conditions in order to stimulate a male readership that has a libidinal investment in the novel’s sexual fantasy

Noting Free Essays

CONTENTS Page 1. 0 2. 0 3. We will write a custom essay sample on Noting or any similar topic only for you Order Now 0 4. 0 5. 0 6. 0 7. 0 8. 0 9. 0 10. 0 11. 0 UGC Act, 1956 as Modified upto the 20th December, 1985 UGC Inspection of Universities Rules, 1960 UGC Rules regarding Fitness of Universities, 1974-88 UGC Returns of Information by Universities Rules, 1979 UGC Fitness of Institutions for Grants Rules, 1975 Recognition of College in Terms of Regulations, 1974 Framed under the UGC Act. UGC (Establishment and Maintenance of Institutions) Regulations, 1985 UGC Regulations, 1985 regarding the Minimum Standards of Instruction for the Grant of the First Degree UGC Regulations, 1991 regarding Minimum Qualifications for Appointment of Teachers in Universities and Colleges List of Degrees specified for the purposes of Section 22 of the UGC Act. UGC Rules, 1996 regarding Fitness of Health Sciences and Medical Universities for receiving grants 1 23 25 37 39 41 43 46 57 62 73 THE UNIVERSITY GRANTS COMMISSION ACT, 1956 Considered a leader, a statesman, and a humanist, William Jefferson Clinton’s genius exemplifies many characteristics of the Age of Modernism and Pluralism in Western culture. The Age of Modernism and Pluralism is said to be a culmination of the previous two major periods in human history. Modernism has the â€Å"quest for an authoritatively-rational aesthetics, ethics, and knowledge indicative of the Enlightened Period† (â€Å"PostModernism†, 2005), and the higher ideals of respect for people’s rights and liberty brought forth during the Romantic period. Former president Bill Clinton’s contributions to social and civil reforms in the United States, his support of the spread of democracy throughout the world, and his previous and ongoing support for the humanities constitute this nomination for the 20th Century Genius Award. How to cite Noting, Papers

Eastern Europe Igcse free essay sample

Estern Europe and the Cold War 1948-1989 How secure was Soviet control of Europe 1948-1968? * How did Stalin control Eastern Europe? * After the war political vacuum in many countries of Eastern Europe. Stalin helped the communist parties in them to win power Cominform â€Å"communist information bureau† organization to co-ordinate the communist government in Eastern Europe. Made meetings and sent out instructions to communist government about what the USSR wanted them to do. * Need to restore law and order. This provided an excuse to station Soviet troops in each country. Economies in Eastern Europe where devastated USSR took over all industry and told farmers and workers what to produce. Comecon: â€Å"council for mutual economic assistance† Coordinates the industries and trade of the Eastern Europe countries. Favoured the USSR as it provided a market and guaranteed a cheap supply of raw materials. It set up a bank for socialist countries. * What did people in east Europe think of the USSR control? * Brought hope. * USSR had achieve great industrial growth before the WW2 people thought they could do the same. Soviet- style communist also offered stable government and security because they were backed by one of the world? s superpowers. * However, reality was different of what people hoped for lost the right to criticize the government, newspapers where censored, one-party permitted, people where forbidden to travel to countries in western Europe†¦ * Between 1945 and 1955 economy did recover, but factories did not produce what people wanted. They produced what soviet wanted. * Wages fell. * Were forbidden to apply for marshal aid (economic help from the USA) * Shortages of raw products (milk, clothes, coal, meat) Little chance to protest lived oppressed. * The rise of Khrushchev * Stalin was a hero to millions of people in the USSR: defeated Hitler, given the USSR and empire in Eastern Europe and made a nuclear superpower. * Died in 1953: Nikita Khrushchev He was very different from Stalin. He ended the USSR? s long feuds with China and with Yugoslavia. He talked of peaceful co-existence with the west. Made plans to reduce arm production. Attended the first post-war summit between the USSR, the USA, France and Britain. And said he wanted to improve the living standards of ordinary Soviet citizens and those of eastern Europe. He closed down Cominform and released thousands of political prisoners. Basically he gave more freedom and independence to the Eastern Europe countries. * De-stalinisation Attack to Stalin. Dredged the evidence of Stalin’s purges and denounced him as a wicked tyrant who was an enemy of people and kept all power to himself. * Released political prisoners * Closed down cominform as policy to reconciliate with Yugoslavia. * Invited Marshal Tito to Moscow. * Dismissed Stalin’s former Foreign Minister. * People saw hopeful times ahead. * The Warsaw pact Easter Europe barrier against attack from West. * Military alliance similar to NATO. Members would defend each other if one is attacked. Included all communist countries in easter Europe but Yugoslavia. * How did the USSR deal with opposition in eastern Europe? * Attack to Polish police 1956 government had increased food prices but not wages. Krushchev moved troops to the Polish border. agreement between krushchev and Wladyslaw Gomulka (Poland leader): communist would stop persecuting members of the catholic church. CASE 1: Hungary, 1956 Why was there opposition in Hungary? * Hard-line communist Rakosi many restriction and Hungarians hated them. * Peopled lived in fear. * Areas of Hungary had Russian street signs, schools and shops. AND had to pay for soviet forces to be in Hungary. * June 1956 group of rebels opposed Rakosi. He appealed to Moscow for help denied help. New leader huge student demonstration: giant statue of Stalin in Budapest was pulled down. New government formed: Imre Nagy. Several thousands of Hungarian soldiers deflected from the army to the rebel cause, taking their weapons with them. Nagys government began to plan free elections, create impartial courts, restore farmland to private ownership and total withdrawal of the s oviet army from Hungary. Also p * Planned to leave the warsaw and declare Hungary neutral. Einsenhower (US president) support the new independent Hungary. * How did the USSR respond? * At first accept some of the reforms. He couldn’t accept Hungary leaving the Warsaw pact. In November soviet troops moved to Budapest Hungarians did not give Nagy and fellow leaders were executed. * Resistance was crushed in 2 weeks. CASE 2: Czechoslovakia and the Prague Spring, 1968 Why was there opposition? * Alexander Dubcek become leader proposed a policy of â€Å"socialism with a human face†: less censorship, more freedom of speech and a reduction in the activities of secret police. He didn? t want to leave the Warsaw pact or Comecon. * Censorship had been eased, they were able to launch attacks on the communist leadership, pointing out how corrupt and useless they were. Period known as â€Å"Prague Spring†: all new ideas seemed to be appearing everywhere. * How did the USSR respond? * Czechoslovakia was very i mportant in the Warsaw pact. It was centrally placed and had the strongest industry. USSR was worried ideas might spread to other countries. * Tried to slow Dubcek down USSR, polish and eastern German troops performed public training exercises in Czech border. Also thought about imposing economic sanction, but didn’t because though Czechs would ask help from West. * July the USSR had a summit conference with the Czechs. Dubcek insisted on keeping most of his reforms. * August, conference of all the other Warsaw Pact countries produced a vague declaration calling the Czechs to maintain political stability. * 20 August 1968 soviet tanks moved into Czechoslovakia. Little violent resistance, although Czechs refused to co-operate with the USSR troops. Dubcek was removed from power * Brezhnev Doctrine: * One-party system * Remain a member of the Warsaw pact. Before soviet invasion, Czechoslovakia’s mood had been optimist. After, it was despair. Become resentful of the soviet connection. 20 years later Gorbachev, questioned the invasion and was himself spreadi ng ideas of the Prague Spring. Why was the Berlin wall? * Some people wished to leave eastern Europe (economic or political reasons). Standard living was way better in West Europe. Contrast was particularly great in the divided city of Berlin. East Germans could watch West television. * It was very tempting to leave East Germany highly skilled workers. Communist government could not lose these high-quality people. * Wall built to prevent people leaving. Families were divided, chaos and confusion followed. The west reaction to the Berlin wall†¦ * For a while, the wall created a major crisis * Kennedy: â€Å"its not a very nice solution, but a wall is a hell of a lot better than war† * Wall was a symbol o division, of Germany, Europe and the world. The communist presented the wall as a protective shell around Berlin. The West presented it as a prison wall. Why did soviet control of Eastern Europe collapse in 1989? Why did the Cold War thaw in the 1970s? 1) Worries about the arm race, nuclear testing damaged the environment, cost a fortune and was seen by many as immoral. Anti-nuclear movement in the west that support the detente. 2) End of Vietnam war: improved relations between the USA, USSR and China. 3) High hand shake: American astronauts and soviets cosmonauts met up and shook hands in space. This was quite literally the high point of detente. 4) Helsinki conference, august 1975: All countries recognised the borders set out after the WW2, including division of Germany. Agreed to respect human rights- eg: freedom of speech, freedom of movement from countries. 5) Worries about arm race, leader held summit meetings: Brezhnev visit Washington and Nixon went to Moscow. Nuclear arms limitation treaty, SALT1 and SALT2. 6) Worries about arm race, space programmes of USA and the USSR: had helped to develop complex missiles. Arms race was very costly, both superpowers saw this as money that could be spent more wisely on foreign aid to poor countries or improving the conditions. Why did the cold war freeze again in the 1980s? 1) Revolution in Iran: Shah of Iran was overthrown. USA had supported the Shah because it needed the oil. The new government was strongly anti-American but also strong anti-communist. Wanted society based on Islamic values. Increased tension between superpowers. 2) Civil wars in Nicaragua and El Salvador and in Angola: communist rebels tried to overthrow the government. The USA funded the governments against rebels. ) Human rights: Jimmy Carter (us president) openly criticised the USSR suppression of dissidents. 4) Collapse of SALT 2: 1979 signed, but as relations where so deteriorated that the US congress refused to approve SALT2. 5) Afghanistan: pro-soviet regime was under serious threat from its Muslim opponents, the Mujahideen. To protect the regime, soviet forces entered Afghani stan. Western Europe powers were worried that the USA could get to close to the West oil supplies In the middle East. USA secretly began to send money, arms and equipment to Pakistan and from there to Mujahideen. This becomes the USSR equivalent of Vietnam War. It was a nightmare campaign. 6) Moscow and Los Angeles Olympics: in protest at soviet involvement in the Afghan War, USA boycotted the 1980 Olympic games in Moscow. In retaliation, The USSR boycotted the Los Angeles Olympics (4 years later) 7) Ronald Reagan: called the USSR an â€Å"evil empire† and supported anti-communist forces in Afghanistan and Nicaragua. How significant was Solidarity? * Regular protests in Poland. About wages or food prices. Wanted to improve the standard of living. * Seemed happy during the 1970s industries performed well. 1976 economic crisis. Government didn’t know how to solve the problems – just propaganda. * Late 1970s Polish workers become involved in setting small independent trade unions. * 1980 strikes broke all over the country. Over the next 6 months a new trade union: solidarity, went from strength to strength. * Workers (Lecha Walesa) put forward 21 demands to the government, i ncluding the free trade unions and right to strike. government agreed all demands solidarity grows. * Why did the polish government agreed to Solidarity’s demands in 1980? Union was strongest in those industries that were most important for the government- membership particularly high among skilled workers and foremen. A strike would have destroy the economy. * Was not seen as an alternative to communist party. * Union very popular. Lech Walesa was a kind of folk hero, and movement was very trustworthy. * Had support of catholic church. Almost all poles where catholic, so church wasn’t crush by communists. Catholicism was part of the glue that gets Poland together. The communist government and church had agreed that the church wouldn’t interfere in the government. The government dared not confront the church. * Government was playing for time. Hoped solidarity would split into factions. then its jobs would be easy. * USSR had half eye on the west. Solidarity had won support in the West, Lech was constantly interviewed and photographed. The scale of the movement ensured that the USST treated the Polish crisis cautiously. * Clampdown: civilian Prime Minister resigned and the leader of the army, general Jaruzelski, took over. * After negotiation with Jaruzelki, Walesa called off a strike at bydgoscz. * â€Å"rural solidarity† was set up as a farmers? rade union. * Lech Walesa was elected chairman of solidarity. sent a letter to workers of eastern Europe campaigning for all workers rights in communist bloc. * Negotiation broke between Walesa and Jarzelski poland was at the edge of chaos. Government was unestable. * Brezhnev ordered the Red Army to carry out â€Å"training manoeuvers† on the polish borders. * Jaruzelsky suspended Sol idarity. little resistance. People from solidarity were taken for â€Å"preventive and cautionary talks† * Why did the polish government clamp down on solidarity in December 1981? Solidarity was acting as a political party government said it had secret tapes of solidarity setting a new provisional government. Was a challenge to communist authority. * Poland was sinking into chaos. Food shortages. National income had fallen as well as the industrial production. Unemployment was common and strikes continued long after it was order to stop. * Solidarity itself was also in chaos. Some felt they needed to push the communist harder to progress. * Attitude of soviet union. thought the situation had gone to far. If Poland’s leaders couldn’t restore communist control, they would. This was something Poland leaders wanted to avoid. * Poles no longer trusted communists. Supporting solidarity was the best way to show that they didn’t support the leadership of the communists. They respected solidarity and the church and would rather trust them with their future. * Force was the only thing that kept communists in power. If military force was not used, then communist control seemed very unstable. * Aftermath * Tried to normalise the situation declared solidarity illegal. Pushed people to join the patriotic movement for national regeneration (were under threat) * Leaders of solidarity and priests were murdered and pursued. * USA impose trade sanctions on Poland. Economic chaos followed inflation. * Time later solidarity was open again, but never become a mass organization again. It frighten with call a nationwide strike against price rises and cooperate with the church. 1988 organized a boycott in the elections. * In 1986 international attention turned to a new problem of the USSR Mikhail Gorbachev. * President Walesa * Solidarity demanded open elections solidarity won. Lech Walesa became the first non-communist president of Poland since before the 2WW. How did Gorbachev try to change the USSR? * USSR economy was in crisis. spending to much money in arms. It was locked in the Afghanistan war. , * Gorbachev was concern on peoples attitude to work. government didn’t incentive people to work harder. In the days of stalin people worked hard for fear, bur those days were gone, replaced by pessimism. There was no loyalty to the government, no trust and people who didn’t even care. * Problem: alcoholism life expectancy had decreased. * Goods weren’t working properly. Policy: glasnost (openness: free say, stop censuring books and TV, no fear to say something inappropriate) and perestroika (restructuring: market forces, no longer illegal to buy and sell profit. ) * Cut spending on defense, red army decreased and cut armament expenditure. Also withdrew people from Afghanistan and talked about international trust and cooperation. Why did s oviet control of eastern Europe collapse? * Not successful policies. economy couldn’t modernize as quickly as people wanted. * 1989 neither Gorbachev new what he was doing and he couldn’t go back.

Civil rights movement 3 Essay Example For Students

Civil rights movement 3 Essay Civil rights are the freedoms and rights that a person may have as a member of a community, state, or nation. Civil rights include freedom of speech, of the press, and of religion. Among others are the right to own property and to receive fair and equal treatment from government, other persons, and private groups. Law protects a persons civil rights and custom, courts of law decide whether a persons civil rights have been violated. The courts also determine the limits of civil rights, so that people do not use their freedoms to violate the rights of others. Courts of law decide whether a persons civil rights have been violated. The courts also determine the limits of civil rights, so that people do not use their freedoms to violate the rights of others. The United States Constitution describes the basic civil rights of American citizens. Each state constitution has a bill or declaration of rights. When Americans raise questions about the extent and limits of civil rights, they turn to the Supreme Courts decisions for the answers. The court often defines the limits of a right by balancing the right of the individual against the rights of society in general. The First Amendment is the basis of the democratic process in the United States. The First Amendment forbids Congress to pass laws restricting freedom of speech, of the press, of peaceful assembly, or of petition. Many people consider freedom of speech the most important freedom and the foundation of all other freedoms. The First Amendment also forbids Congress to pass laws establishing a state religion or restricting religious freedom. The Supreme Court has ruled that the 14th Amendment makes the guarantees of the 1st Amendment apply to the state governments. Many parts of the Constitution, congressional and state laws, and court decisions require the government to treat individuals fairly. These requirements reflect a basic principle in the American legal system called due process. The 5th and 14th amendments forbid the government to deprive a person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law. Due process of law includes court procedures that protect individuals accused of wrongdoing. People accused of a crime must be informed of their constitutional rights and of the charges against them. Persons on trial may cross-examine their accusers and may force witnesses to testify. The United States has many minority groups. These minorities include blacks, Jews, Asian Americans, European immigrants, Hispanic Americans, American Indians, homosexuals, and people with handicaps. Members of these groups often have not had an equal chance for economic, political, or social advancement. Members of some minorities have been denied the right to vote. Many persons have been discriminated against in housing, education, and employment, and have been denied equal access to restaurants, hotels, and other public accommodations and facilities. A main goal has been to end such discrimination and guarantee equal rights and opportunities for all people. Black Americans, who make up the largest minority group in the United States, have been denied their full civil rights more than any other minority group. Black Americans made significant gains in their struggle for equal rights during Reconstruction, the 12-year period after the American Civil War. During Reconstruction, Congress passed several laws to protect blacks civil rights. The 13th Amend., adopted in 1865, abolished slavery in the United States. In 1868, the 14th Amendment made the former slaves citizens. It also provided that the states must grant all people within their jurisdiction equal protection of the laws. The 15th Amendment prohibited the states from denying people the right to vote because of their race. During the late 1870s, white Americans increasingly disregarded the newly won rights of black Americans. The government itself contributed greatly to denying blacks their rights. In 1883, the Supreme Court ruled that congressional acts to prevent racial discrimination by private individuals were unconstitutional. In 1896, in the case of Plessy vs. Ferguson, the Supreme Court upheld a Louisiana law requiring separate but equal accommodations for blacks and whites in railroad cars. .ud70563e10430500576e569aadfded9c4 , .ud70563e10430500576e569aadfded9c4 .postImageUrl , .ud70563e10430500576e569aadfded9c4 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud70563e10430500576e569aadfded9c4 , .ud70563e10430500576e569aadfded9c4:hover , .ud70563e10430500576e569aadfded9c4:visited , .ud70563e10430500576e569aadfded9c4:active { border:0!important; } .ud70563e10430500576e569aadfded9c4 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud70563e10430500576e569aadfded9c4 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud70563e10430500576e569aadfded9c4:active , .ud70563e10430500576e569aadfded9c4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud70563e10430500576e569aadfded9c4 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud70563e10430500576e569aadfded9c4 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud70563e10430500576e569aadfded9c4 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud70563e10430500576e569aadfded9c4 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud70563e10430500576e569aadfded9c4:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud70563e10430500576e569aadfded9c4 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud70563e10430500576e569aadfded9c4 .ud70563e10430500576e569aadfded9c4-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud70563e10430500576e569aadfded9c4:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Taunts Essay For over 50 years, many Southern states used the separate but equal rule established in this case to segregate the races in public schools, and .

To Soon For Jeff Essay Research Paper free essay sample

To Soon For Jeff Essay, Research Paper To shortly For Jeff ( essay ) Dashan is a friend of Jeff. Even though Christy became a truly good friend of his. Though Dashan wasted his clip and besides had his bosom broken by Christy he has suffered the least. Thingss could hold exercise for Dashan and Christy but no. Dashan was willing to take attention of the babe as a male parent. But shortly came to recognize he could non make that. Alternatively he went out to college. Uncle Steve is of class Jeff? s uncle. Uncle Steve and Jeff are truly close when Jeff was little his pa left him. Now when Christy Was remaining over at Jeff? s house, Jeff decided to travel to uncle Steve? s house so he won? Ts have to make anything with here while she is remaining over at Jeff? s house. Mr. Roger is Jeff argument instructor. We will write a custom essay sample on To Soon For Jeff Essay Research Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Mr. Roger was depending on Jeff to travel to the competition unluckily Jeff could non travel to the competition Because Christy was taken to the infirmary because of Ethan? s reaching to shortly. The argument squad was truly numbering on him and felt disappointed about him. Besides Jeff attended Brooker University. Jeff Wasted Half of his clip because he did non complete his four twelvemonth? s at Brooker. Brooker University was traveling to give Jeff a full four twelvemonth college scholarship. Nichole is one of Jeff? s teammates. Jeff and Nichole shortly acquire to cognize each other really good. Nichole ends up kiping with Jeff a twosome of times while they watch a film. Bibliography Introduction Young people making incorrect things and shortly repenting them. This book is largely about a cat named Jeff and his girlfriend Christy. Jeff was non even believing about holding a child at age 18 Jeff was non ready for sex. First he used a rubber holding sex with Christy but sooner they did it more and more but Christy came out to be pregnant. This book gets even better she lied to Jeff and said she was on the pill that? s how she came out to be pregnant. In your ain words what do you believe will go on in their relationship? Will Jeff stay with Christy and take attention of the babe she will shortly give birth to?

Electric Typewriter vs. Freewrite Typewriter - Freewrite Store

Electric Typewriter vs. Freewrite Typewriter - Freewrite Store Do you know what writers Ernest Hemingway and Danielle Steel have in common? They couldn't be more different in subject and style. But when it came to choosing a writing instrument, both chose a typewriter. Of course, home computers weren't around when Hemingway crafted his masterpieces. But a surprising number of modern writers avoid working on computers. Humorist P.J. O'Rourke prefers an IBM Selectric electric typewriter instead of a computer because it "doesn't get in the way" of the writing process. In other words, O'Rourke doesn't like the distractions of using a computer. A lot of modern writers stay away from computers and opt for a basic "words on paper" approach. Some write first drafts in longhand. Some use typewriters. Along with the "no-distraction back-to-basics" feeling, writers like Steel find that typing on a mechanical keyboard to be more conducive to creativity. If you're a writer struggling to work on a computer, you have better options. One is an electronic typewriter. Another is the Freewrite. The Freewrite is a tool designed from the ground up for writers. How do the two compare? Here's a rundown. Electric Typewriter Features The best electric typewriter models provide writers with a host of options. Typical features include line drawing, correction memory, word and character erase, underlining, automatic carriage returns, programmable tabulation memory and bidirectional printing functions. Many also include removable storage capabilities. The Freewrite Writing Tool The Freewrite combines the simplicity of a typewriter with the benefits of modern digital documents. It retains the tactile feel of a typewriter with a mechanical keyboard. But instead of having to retype paper documents to get them into the computer, the Freewrite’s documents are already digital. Documents save on the device and automatically sync to Dropbox, Evernote, or Google Drive so you don't have to worry about computer crashes or power outages. Files upload with 256-bit SSL encryption. Every Freewrite element works to get the creative juices flowing. It's lightweight with a stow-able handle. Take it to the park, find inspiration and hit the keys on the full-size mechanical keyboard. What's the Verdict? If you're looking for a way to put an end to distractions, amplify creativity and boost productivity, the Freewrite is your best option. With the Freewrite, it won't take long to find your writing groove. And once you're there, you'll stay there.

Econ 4020 reaction 10 Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Econ 4020 reaction 10 - Term Paper Example In addition, the article published by the New York Times, describes various reasons why increased government budgets could be detrimental to the future US generation. The last article basically describes the elements ascribed to the American Recovery Reinvestments Act and how the government would use them to ensure that the current expenses remain constant, without any form of reduction. Fiscal Policies are geared towards facilitating proper use of public resources; basically, they are pertinent in the sense that they regulate the manner through, which governments and other stakeholders spend their resources. However, in many cases, these policies may be faced by criticism from certain quarters, who believe that they may be detrimental to public finances. On the other hand, many fiscal policies may also create a scenario whereby, the future generation is given the burden to settle certain debts. DeLong Says Not Time to Cut U.S. Budget With Free Lunch. (n.d.). Bloomberg.com. Retrieved March 31, 2014, from

Assess the concept of cosmopolitan democracy Essay

Assess the concept of cosmopolitan democracy - Essay Example Later on, other important issues such as global environmental problems, global justice system, crimes against humanity and economic and cultural globalisation added to the global peace concern. The concept of cosmopolitan democracy was supposed to resolve or at least alleviate these global problems. The main idea of cosmopolitan democracy is to design and implement "a system of governance arising from and adapting to the diverse conditions and interconnections between different peoples and nations" (Held, 1998: 25). David Held and Daniele Archibugi, the most renowned European theorists of cosmopolitan democracy, argue that although democracy has gained universal acclaim as the best form of political establishment after fall of the Iron Curtail and end of the Cold War, it influences only domestic level, while the realm of international relations remains practically unaffected by democratic processes. International institutions, including the United Nations organization and European Union do not care much about democratisation of their activities which results in lack of accountability and restricted public access to information. The risk is that if this tendency remains, democratic forms of governance will give up to authoritarianism (McGrew, 2002). Cosmopolitanism offers an alternative that helps effectively fi... Democracy is to be conceptualized as a process, rather than as a set of norms and procedures. A feuding system of states hampers democracy within states. Democracy within states favours peace, but does not necessarily produce a virtuous foreign policy. Global democracy is not just the achievement of democracy within each state. Globalization erodes states' political autonomy and thereby curtails the efficacy of state-based democracy. The stakeholders' communities in a relevant and growing number of specific issues do not necessarily coincide with states' territorial borders. Globalization engenders new social movements engaged with issues that affect other individuals and communities, even when these are geographically and culturally very distant from their own political community (Archibugi, 2004: 439). These assumptions suggest that contemporary form of national democracy must be seriously transformed in order to survive. Firstly, the sovereignty of the nation states must be restricted by increasing numbers of international treaties and conventions. Secondly, the existing international governing structures must be reformed to provide a better opportunity for international dialogue and democratic decision-making. Thus, Derk Bienen, another known theorist of cosmopolitan democracy, claims that in order to achieve these goals the UN must establish a second chamber consisting of members elected directly by people, the veto-right of the Security Council should be limited, and the system of international courts has to be strengthened and reformed in a way to provide better protection for individuals. Initially, the UN was founded not as an assembly of democratic states: the primary purpose of this organization was to prevent military conflicts similar to WWII.

Constructivism in International Relations

Constructivism in International Relations Explain and discuss how constructivism in IR attempts to re-shape discourses on security away from materialistic conceptions of power politics and towards a conception that takes account of power of ideas. Since the end of the Cold War, security studies in international relations have witnessed an overwhelming emergence of new academic literature reflecting the changes in international political environment. Concept of global security has evolved throughout the history going back as far as ancient Greece but arguably never been challenged and re-structured to the extent that it was in post Cold War era. Critical theories in general and constructivism specifically added a new dimension to the international relations studies with focusing on influence of social elements such as norms and ideas and rejected the notions of purely materialistic approach to world politics and security.  [1]  Collapse of the Soviet Union, following the suspension of the activities of the Communist Party by Supreme Soviet, the parliament of the U.S.S.R on August 29 1991, validated and renewed the International relations scholars concerns about the methodology of the international relations study and the ex tent in which it had played a role in the production of international powers.  [2]   The aim of this essay is to identify and discuss how constructivism influenced the concept of security in international relations with emphasising on the role of social elements and the extent in which constructivism has criticised the materialistic approach. In doing so this paper explores the structure of global security from the standpoint of constructivism and its core elements regarding the power of idea in response to the materialistic view of power politics. Furthermore, it will analyse the constructivist response and effort to alter the discourses of security in international politics theory by studying the process of social interaction in forming identity and role of norms and ideas in global security. Finally, concepts of Human Security and Collective Security will be looked at from both viewpoints. The end of the Cold War came as a surprise to the classical dominant scholars, who failed to predict or explain the changes in global politics, whilst simultaneously providing the opportunity for further development of critical thoughts, which were around since the mid 1980s. Realist theory and positivist methodology in international relations were criticised for their materialistic approaches by constructivism, which quickly flourished and was recognised as a theory that emphasised on the social dimension of international politics. This advance towards the possibility of change equipped the theory to capture important features of the worlds relations  [3]  .Among the many aspects of mainstream presumptions and beliefs in world politics, which were challenged by constructivism, was the pessimistic view towards peace and over-deterministic nature of these theories about the conflict, threat and the world security. Constructivism challenged the theory of power politics, dominant pe rception of the threat and struggle in global politics and took a completely different approach in studying the transformation of the security dilemma by focusing on subjects such as evaluation of security factors, construction of the threat, and appropriate responses.  [4]   Constructivisms approach to the subjects of threat, conflict and security in global politics originated from their fundamental emphasis on the social dimensions of international politics, thus it defined them as socially constructed elements in the process of identity formation under the influence of the norms and shared values of society. Over the years and especially after the Cold War, constructivism positioned itself as a major critique of the dominant theories in international politics by addressing issues such as balance of power, democratic peace and the re-introduction of the phenomena of collective security, security community, human security, human rights and many other social elements to the field of security studies of international politics. One could argue that most of the constructivists work was formed around their aim in explaining the changes in world politics in the period towards the end, and after the Cold War when dominant international relations theories failed to predict the sudden change in the global politics and old security regime. These changes to the international political environment, which occurred in the 1980s, raised questions about social construction and the methodology of international relations theories and their involvement and effects in the production of international power. The term constructivism was introduced by Nicholas Onuf in 1989 and identified simply as people and societies construct or constitute each other.  [5]  According to Wendt, constructivism assumes that the fundamental structures of international politics are social and these structures shape actors identities and interests.  [6]  World in constructivists term is constituted by both knowledge and material factors and moreover as a social theory, it is concerned with the relationship between agents and structures. Furthermore, all constructivists share a common concern when explaining how international structures are defined by ideas and how identities and interests of the states and non-state players are shaped by the structures.  [7]  It is at this juncture when a comparison is needed to understand the differences between mainstream international relations theories and constructivism in security studies. As a result, it is crucial to see global security from realisms point of view to fully understand the role of the elements such as threat, response and survival in constructing the realists approach to the security dilemma. Likewise, it is necessary to analyse constructivisms view of ideas and knowledge and to study the relationship between structure and agency as well as the construction and identification of threat. Security studies is a multidimensional subject in the field of international relations and has changed and evolved throughout history. This evolution was impacted, probably more than any other subject in international relations, by recent technological advancements and historical events. However, as far as history goes the core concern of security studies has centred on the states strategy to defend and protect its borders against external threats. Attempts to understand security and provide an answer to security dilemmas can be traced back to Greece in fifth century BC when Thucydides theorised the violence and war and describe the security dilemma based on Peloponnesian war. Many centuries later Carl Von Clausewitz and Thomas Hobbs devoted much of their time and work to define these contemporary security dilemmas. By following the work of these scholars we reach the conclusion that despite the differences in language, economical development, social and political intuitions, religio us and cultural beliefs, states faced almost identical threats and suffered from the same security dilemmas throughout history. Here a comparison is needed to understand the differences between mainstream international relations theories and constructivism in security studies. It is crucial to see the global security issue from realisms point of view to fully understand the role of the elements such as threat, response and survival in constructing the realists approach to security dilemma. Similarly, it is necessary to analyse constructivisms analysis of idea and knowledge in order to study the relationship between structure and agency as well as construction and identification of threat. In recent decades critical schools and other theories of international relations have challenged the traditional materialistic approach to security study, which focused on politics and power. Among them constructivism played an important role in developing an ideational approach that emphasised the effect and role of norms and ideas in global security.  [8]  Norms are produced through social practice as intersubjective beliefs about social and the natural world that defines the identity of the players, their roles and the possibilities of their actions.  [9]  Thus actors and their meaningful actions are constituted by the norms on the basis of their social roles and environments. These norms could also balance the actors behaviour by defining the appropriateness and effectiveness of their action.  [10]   Constructivisms approach differs with regard to the actors and social structures of the international politics in comparison with the rationalists view. The political environment in the Realists and Neo-liberalists view is comprised of rational actors, whose actions are self-interested in order to maximise their ultimate goal of survival and relationship between these actors, and is structured by the balance of material power.  [11]  In contrast, constructivism focuses on the actors and structures in a dynamic context, where actors are influenced by the environment and social elements and structures and are produced and reproduced by the actors.  [12]  On the other hand, in the constructivists view idea plays an important role in forming the actors and their actions.  [13]  This means that when ideas become norms, they can constrain the actors behaviour and reactions but at the same time they constitute actors and legitimise their action by opening the space for them to a ct and influence the social structure.  [14]   In essence, constructivism criticises the rationalist approach of ignoring the role of social factors in interaction between players in International relations. The constructivists critique of neo-realists and neo-liberalists concerns not what these scholars do and say but what they ignore: the content and source of state interests and social fabric of world politics.  [15]  According to Paul Kowert, rationalist theories explain how states should choose or how they should bargain. They offer answers to some important questions about when states should cooperate and when they might be expected to fight. Yet they say nothing about who the actors are or how their interests were constituted.  [16]   Constructivism believes in the dynamic nature of international politics and promotes the vision of change. In doing so it criticises the rationalist view of static material and considers the system of self- help, power politics and threat as socially constructed elements of international politics. Alexander Wendt notes, that self-help is an institution, one of the various structures of identity and interest that may exist under anarchy.  [17]  In examining the subject of security in international politics, constructivism concludes that threats are constructed in the process of social interaction in the process of formation of identity and interests. In such an environment therefore, norms and shared values play a role in improving the cooperation between actors by forming the economical and political structures that promote peace between the actors in international politics.  [18]   The constructivist account of identity formation in the process of social interaction in security studies attempts to answer the important question of how threats are formed and how international actors act against this threat. Both traditional and defensive realists share the view that threatening forces are formed around the phenomena of the balance of power, and states reactions are determined and guided by the state-centric system of self-interest and the anarchic nature of international politics. However, they engage in a different view when defining the kind of reaction states portray, as traditional realists believe that states balance their power against threatening forces whilst the defensive realists maintain the view that states form allies to increase their capability and security against the common threat. In contrast to this opinion, constructivists developed the idea of legitimacy and demonstrate that states reactions to threatening forces are influenced by social elem ents such as norms and shared values in the process of interaction, and are directed by the logic of appropriateness. In other word, norms and shared values define the legitimacy and appropriateness of states actions, as opposed to the traditional view of logic of consequence. Another aspect of global security is the phenomenon of security dilemma, which can be defined as a states uncertainty in evaluating and assessing the intentions of others. Hopf argues that while the security dilemma is an important factor to understand the conflictual relationship between the states, it may not be relevant to many others which face less or no conflict and have many common interests.  [19]  The constructivists account of security dilemma is quite different to that of the realist. In constructivisms view the reality of the world, which includes the world of international relations, has been socially constructed via a complex of inter-subjective understanding . In other words, anarchy as the prime structural feature of the international sphere around which all considerations of security and insecurity revolve is not an autonomous phenomenon that generates its own inescapable logic. This also means that the security dilemma, for example, does not exist before any int eraction between states but is in fact a product of social interactions of states.  [20]  In addition, Hopf notes that norms can reduce uncertainty: by providing meaning, identities reduce uncertainty. Enabling states to recognise their enemy may not result in security, but identity can replace the uncertainty with certain insecurity.  [21]   Constructivist security theory has also addressed the absence of war between liberal democracies or namely, the concept of democratic peace. Here liberals believe that democracies do not oppose each other since norms of compromise and cooperation prevent their conflicts of interest from escalating into violent clashes.  [22]  This can be interpreted in various ways first; it could be argued that these norms are bound to competition and constituted by domestic democratic principles,  [23]  or second, that they can be seen as the product of domestic institutions and their effect on states behaviour.  [24]  One could also argue that domestic principles and practice work together and therefore are mutually constituted. In constructivist ideology, the important aspect of peace or absence of conflict among the democratic states is the role played by norms within this context. Thus without accepting or rejecting any of the above arguments it could simply be stated that democrati c peace could be made possible with the concept of norms playing an important role in preventing conflict.  [25]   Constructivist interpretation of global politics as a socially constructed structure provides the necessary means, for the theory under examination, to respond to another important subject in international security study namely that of security community. The concept of security community was introduced by Richard Van Wagenen  [26]  in the early 1950s and further developed in a study by Karl Deutsch and his associates in the same period.  [27]  Theories and ideas evolved around this concept by attempting to explain the states actions in the face of a security threat from a different perspective than the rationalist view of balance of power. One theory included the idea of formation of a security community developed around the concept of collective security with the focus on the states effort to strengthen their own security by acting together. The distinctive feature of the security community idea, which set it apart from the traditional concept of democratic peace, was in it s emphasis on the states security and not on the democratic structure of the states. Lawson commented on this approach by adding that in a constructivist approach the idea of community is not limited to democracies.  [28]   The study of collective security and the constitution of the security community aim to explain how states react when facing threat and insecurity in the international political environment. In other words, a group of states identify a common threat and form a relationship to defend themselves by acting as a unified whole. Formation of such communities, based on a collective knowledge of a common threat not only improves the security of the states against the threat, it also results in peace between the members of such a community. More succinctly, those who are acting as one against the common threat would not fight each other for the same reason. As Deutsch illustrates, the security community as a group of states come together to the degree that they feel real assurance that members of the community will not fight each other physically, but will settle their disputes in some other way.  [29]  He identifies the states sovereignty as the point of differentiation in formation of tw o types of security communities and explains that a pluralistic community forms when states retain their sovereignty, whereas in an amalgamated type states formally unify in order to form a community security. Despite the earlier references to collective security by traditional international relations theories such as liberalism, the modern concept of collective security and states acting as a community against a common threat is a relatively new idea and has only been seriously considered subsequent to the Cold War in both academic and practical senses. The fact that the Cold War almost ended without serious confrontation between the two blocks has positively changed the international political atmosphere. A move towards a more peaceful future has been attained as well as an enhancement of the influence of theories, which have emphasised the role of identity, norms and social basis of the structure of international politics. Moreover, states once again saw the opportunity for constructing a new foundation to achieve a peaceful and stable international order.  [30]  Meanwhile, the social elements of international politics have received much more attention accompanied by friendlier treatment from politicians and Deutschs original ideas of shared understanding, transnational values including the possibility of peace, which were brought back to attention again.  [31]  In his observations Adler tried to address the issue of the circumstances where states are more likely to agree on forming a security community in the face of thre at, and noted that, those who realise the devastating effects of the insecurity of war on the economical, political and social aspects of a democratic system will agree on coming together in order to defend themselves and promote peace and stability. He believed that such an agreement was founded on shared values and actors identities and notes: security communities are socially constructed because shared meaning, constituted by interaction, engenders collective identities. They are dependent on communication, discourse and interpretation, as well as on material environment.  [32]  Almost all the literatures about security community agreed on the critical and centric role of identity, and identity formation processes in the construction of the collective security and formation of a security community. Identity in this case, is the distinctive characteristic of one group against another. Unlike the mainstream theorys approach to actors identity as a static and pre-defined status of the states, constructivism defines identity as a variable factor, which changes with time and is associated with cultural, political, historical and social contexts. As stated before, the introduction of collective security and security community can be traced back to the 1950s. However, despite Van Wagenen and Deutschs efforts to develop the idea, it did not receive much attention until the end of the Cold War. It can be argued that the dominance of the realist paradigm during the Cold War in the realm of global politics on the one hand, and the hostile circumstances of bi-polar structure of global security on the other hand are to blame for the states lack of interest in any security arrangements other than one which could guaranty their survival. The United Nations failure in bringing the sovereign nations together from both sides in order to form a pluralistic security community at an international level also added to the uncertainty of the nations in considering any order other than a bi-polar system. Following the Cold War, international politics has witnessed a new wave of ideas and theories which have found a voice in an attempt to theorise the new world order in global politics. At this time it can be said that the concept of security community and collective security has benefited from the critical theories emphasis on social dimensions of international politics and their special attention to social norms, culture, identity and shared values. For many decades realism and neo-liberal institutionalism were dominant forces in global politics and security studies and consequently played a major role in defining international politics. Whilst both of these theories assume that war is inevitable and always expected, realism identifies the distribution of material power as the defining element of global politics and relationships between states following with the conclusion that, factors such as the balance of power, the role of superpowers and alliances are only the means for preve nting war and not for creating peace. Neo-liberal institutionalism shows more interest in finding the means to encourage cooperation between the states and focuses on the role of institutions in enhancing cooperation between self-interested states in order to prevent conflict. As it appears in both paradigms, war and material capability remains inevitably at the centre of these theories about war and conflict, which continues to dominate global security in both theory and practice until the end of the Cold War.  [33]   Peaceful change and the idea of achieving long term peace and global security, not on the basis of material capability and deterrence but based on the concept of identity-formation processes and the role of norms and values, became the feature of critical theories in the mid 1980s. This notion was developed further with the rise of constructivism as an international relations theory. Constructivism explained how ideas and identities are created and how norms and shared values shape the states affairs, strategies and reactions to global security. Since it is unrealistic to ignore the power of material in the backdrop of international relations and security studies, constructivism complemented the existing theories by adding the social dimension to the international relations field and emphasising the importance of collective identities and shared values in developing security in particular, and the idea of collective security in general.  [34]   Human security is a relatively new subject in international relations and has dominated an integral portion of international security studies after the Cold War. Human security in its current form is the product of the shift from state-centric views of security and power politics towards accepting the role of social elements in global security.  [35]  The phenomena of security in the area of international relations has traditionally been limited to the military defence where states compete with each other for gaining or improving their security and survival in an anarchic system with their focus on military power. In such an anarchic structure national security becomes equally as important as defending the territory against external military threat.  [36]   The more modern approach in security studies accepts the crucial role of traditional views in protecting the states but does not believe that it is sufficient to protect human welfare, whether within the states borders or internationally. Basic human needs are the focus of modern security studies in the context of human security and as such the 1994 Human Development Report of the UN Development Program stressed that: for most people today, a feeling of insecurity arises more from worries about daily life than from the dread of cataclysmic world events. Job security, income security, health, environmental security, security from crime these are emerging concerns of human security all over the world.  [37]  The changing context of state security, especially after the Cold War, opened the space for the critical ideas to challenge state-centric, power-based systems of global politics that gave priority to high politics. It has also increased the opportunity to address transnational issues around the globe such as HIV/AIDS, the control and management of weapons of mass destruction, illegal arms and rug trades and environmental and population problems.  [38]   Widening the boundaries of security studies following the introduction of social and economical elements, which were not traditionally considered as part of the field of security, was not received well by the mainstream classical theorists and attracted criticism from traditionally dominant theories in international relations. The key argument against the critical thinkers and constructivists was that security should only engage with issues centred around the use of force and threats thus, elevation of the social and economical issues to the study of security and the promotion of non-military issues to the same level of real security elements is a threat to the coherence of the subject. Therefore, the broadening of security studies was criticised by a wide range of traditional scholars. On one side of the spectrum were those who believed that only military power and threatening force were subject to the field of security studies, and on the other side were scholars who could see the need for change. Furthermore, while they endorsed the conventional view that the military is the primary factor in security studies they also accepted the fact that especially in post Cold War era there is a need for opening the international studies to non-military cases of conflicts as well.  [39]   For traditional thinkers such as Chipman, opening the concept of security to non-military issues was only acceptable if they played the role in a context of utilised force and threats between political actors. He noted: the structuring elements of strategic analysis must be the possible use of force.  [40]  The essential point in Chipmans hypotheses is that he acknowledges the role of non-military aspects of security but at the same time emphasises that the use of military force should remain at the core of strategic analysis. Despite the shift among the traditionalists of moving away from the state-centeric system towards the wider approach to security, some traditionalist thinkers never accepted the idea of social elements playing a role in security and strongly argued against it. One of the most strongest traditionalists Stephan Walt, defines security as studying the threat and use of military force and opposes the widening of security fields and the inclusion of issues outside the miliary domain into security studies. He argues that, (it) runs the risk of expanding security studies excessively; by this logic, issues such as pollution, disease, child abus