Film The Breakfast Club Essay - 993 Words

The movie The Breakfast Club was released in 1985, and is based on a group of five high school students from stereotypical cliques; the popular, jock, nerd and the outcasts, who all wind up stuck together for Saturday detention. Throughout the movie many themes present themselves such as teenage rebellion, peer pressure and family issues as the students get to know each other. The most prominent theme throughout the movie is the student’s placement in the social structure of the school. From the very different reasons why they are in detention to the way that they are all treated differently by the principle, their social placement is evident. In the movie, the principle asks the students to each write a 1,000 word essay on who they†¦show more content†¦It is very similar to high school with the jocks, the popular kids, the people who climb themselves up the social ladder, and the people who just happen to fall into popularity. Many times with people of the Upper Class, they believe that they can get away with anything by either paying someone off to not suffer the consequences, or whoever does find out will just brush it under the table because of who they are. Similarly, Claire, the popular one, is in Saturday detention because she got caught skipping class to go shopping. She thought that her dad would have the power to get her out of detention but he didn’t. This mirrors how members of the Upper Class will often pay their way out of a lawsuit or legal issues because they have the ability to do so. Also, Andy who is the jock in the movie is in detention because he â€Å"taped Larry Lester’s buns together,† and he thought that he wouldn’t have to face detention because he was a varsity athlete. This can be compared to professional athletes that commit a crime and instead of being charged for it immediately or at all. Therefore, the Upper Class of America and the social elites of high school are very similar and the members of these social groups rely on their status to get themselves through certain unfavorable situations. The Middle Class of high school is the students who don’t doShow MoreRelatedAnalysis of the Film The Breakfast Club1629 Words   |  7 PagesThe Breakfast Club Introduction In life there are a number of challenges that everyone will go through. This is a part of discovering who they are and what they want to do with themselves. To help explain these differences, Erikson introduced his development theory. This helps to address some of the challenges and needs that person will go through at particular stages in their lives. To fully understand these phases there will be a focus on two characters from the film The Breakfast Club andRead MoreThe Breakfast Club Film Analysis1174 Words   |  5 PagesThe Breakfast Club is an 80’s teen classic film that brings out the meaning of knowing one another and realizing that each student has a story about themselves that leaves a different impression on them than the title they were given by other people. The Breakfast Club is a stereotypical film that depicts the flaws of five students serving detention on a Saturday. The Breakfast Club really captures the value of realism and leaves a huge impression on stu dents who go through the same similaritiesRead MoreFilm Analysis Of The Breakfast Club 2143 Words   |  9 Pages Joohyun Cho Introduction to Psychology Film Analysis of The Breakfast Club Introduction The film The Breakfast Club was directed and written by John Hughes and was released in the year 1985 (IMDB, 2016). The film’s running time is 95 minutes and can be categorized under the genre of comedy and drama. It follows five teenagers, who all vary in personality and stereotype, get stuck in detention on a Saturday morning. They are all different types of people in nature but whenRead MoreThe Breakfast Club : Film Review929 Words   |  4 PagesThe Breakfast Club is an often talked about film. One of the reasons for this is how it analyzes different social groups formed in high school, or even life. The groups that it talks about are The Brain, The Athlete, The Basket Case, The Princess, and The Criminal. One difficulty I had with this essay is that I found out I have a pretty limited social circle. I don’t talk to many people and most of the people I do talk to are brains. I am very much like one of the characters in the movie. Even thoughRead MoreThe Breakfast C lub is a Coming-of-Age Film628 Words   |  2 Pages The Breakfast Club is a coming of age film about a group of high school kids that have been sentenced to a saturday detention. Each of these kids represents a clique or a stereotype within the average high school demographic. Throughout the film they learn that appearances are not everything and that they share more in common then they are aware. Under the eye of their principal this group struggles to sit through the detention without getting at each others throats, but they somehow manage to formRead MoreChanges in John Hughes Film The Breakfast Club Essay1075 Words   |  5 Pagestheme that binds together the characters in John Hughes’s film â€Å"The Breakfast Club†. Hughes is the writer and director of â€Å"The Breakfast Club† which was released in February 1985. Although this movie is almost 29 years old, it is still just as applicable to today’s society as it was then. Hughes is also known for other films of the same era which include, â€Å"Sixteen Candles†, â€Å"Pretty in Pink†, and â€Å"Ferris Buehler’s Day Off†. These films also feature the issues of teens, but their main focus isRead MoreFilm Analysis - Social Penetration Theory in the Breakfast Club2129 Words   |  9 PagesSocial Penetration Theory in The Breakfast Club The Social Penetration Theory, adapted by Irwin Altman and Dalmas Taylor, is based on the idea that people are layered like onions, (Griffin 133). These layers are made up by different things that hide an individual’s true self. One’s true self can include his or her hopes, fears, likes, dislikes, aspirations and other things that one thinks about. For individuals to become close, they must get past all of the facades and disclose their trueRead MoreWhy Should You Watch The Breakfast Club? Essay1739 Words   |  7 Pages Why Should You Watch The Breakfast Club? Alexandria L. McVicker Zane State College  â€Å"Dear Mr. Vernon: We accept the fact that we had to sacrifice a whole Saturday in detention for whatever it was that we did wrong. What we did was wrong. But we think you re crazy to make us write this essay telling you who we think we are. What do you care? You see us as you want to see us... in the simplest terms and the most convenient definitions. You see us as a brain, an athlete, a basketRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Breakfast Club 1230 Words   |  5 PagesThe Breakfast Club is a movie about five students from Shermer High School who gather on a Saturday to sit through eight hours of detention. These five students; Andrew Clark, Claire Standish, John Bender, Allison Reynolds and Brian Johnson, have nothing in common. The Breakfast Club zooms in on the high school social groups and cliques that are often seen in the development of peer groups during adolescents. The peer groups that are portrayed in The Breakfast Club include, John â€Å"the criminal†, ClaireRead MoreCultural Signif icance Of Teen Films1426 Words   |  6 PagesTeen films are the definitive genre that captures the adolescent zeitgeist during the 1980s, and its popularity still hold cultural relevance in the present day. The teen films produced during the 1980s effectively represent youth concerns and the coming-of-age narrative, in terms of adolescent identity, the different roles characters play, sexuality, gender, relationships, class issues and the generational divide. Exploring these issues is essential for recognizing the cultural significance of this

Determinism And Its Effects On Life Paths - 870 Words

In this world our race, location, family, and social class are already predetermined. We do not get to choose the position we are born into. Since we live in a world where most of our choices are made for us, some of us are luckier than others. Some people are born to better circumstances in life paths because of luckier predestined factors and qualities afforded to them. Because of the status in which we are born into, the journey we set ourselves on in life is a preconceived path that can be very cumbersome to deviate from. The path may be hard to digress from, but it is still possible for humans to determine their own outcomes and life paths, because we have free will and free will allows us to do this. Determinism is the belief that our lives are already decided and set in motion, and that we can change our actions but are unable to change our destiny that is already set forth. However, free will is the ability to make our own decisions and set our own paths in life. Similar to t he belief that we decide how we end up and what we do in life, some Christians believe God gives us free will but he also has our ending fate already set in stone. This perspective definitely conveys contradictions, because it states that we as people have control over something that is already out of our control. As a spiritual individual, compared to that of being religious, I believe we as people are put onto a set path based on social constructions that are created by society.Show MoreRelatedThe Ideology Of Life : The Chaos Theory And Synchronicity784 Words   |  4 PagesLife is unpredictable and everything happens for a reason. However, sometimes the reason is not always apparent to those who encounter life and its mysteries. Life follows a deterministic path, meaning for every action in life, there yields an effect on someone or something. The Chaos Theory and synchronicity are perfect ideologies that show that mankinds life follows a deterministic path. The Chaos Theory is an ideology that no matter how small the event is, it will cause another more intricateRead MoreEdith Wharton s Roman Fever1251 Words   |  6 PagesThe majority of people in society today believe in free will and that they can choose what happens in their own life. Others acknowledge an unknown force that shapes their lives, which they have no control over. This conflict can be explained by the Determinism theory. Determinism is a philosophy described as human beings having no free will and therefore, cannot control their own actions and should not be held accountable. This philosophy is seen in Edith Wharton’s short story â€Å"Roman Fever† by herRead MoreHard Determinism Essay example801 Words   |  4 PagesHard Determinism There are several viewpoints which consider whether we are free when making decisions and taking courses of action. One of these perspectives is hard determinism. J. Mackie described hard determinism as: The view that all actions are explicable in terms of their causes and are therefore inevitable (J. Mackie) This outlines the basic idea that no action or decision is free. This is based upon the notion that for an action to happen thereRead MoreFree Will and Choices1546 Words   |  7 Pageswithin the water. Whether I drink or refrain from the water, my action are the reason of the out coming and effect of the motion I take next. Holbach concludes that every human action that is take like everything occurring in nature, â€Å"is necessary consequences of cause, visible or concealed, that are forced to act according to their proper nature.† (pg. 269) A reading â€Å"The Dilemma of Determinism† by William James’s, he explains that everything that happens in the future is already predicted by the wayRead MoreEssay on Free Will Versus Determinism1082 Words   |  5 Pages Free Will Versus Determinism The controversy between free will and determinism has been argued about for years. What is the difference between the two? Looking in a dictionary, free will is the power, attributed to human beings, of making free choices that are unconstrained by external circumstances or by an agency such as fate or divine will. Free will allows free choice. Yet, determinism is the total opposite. Determinism has this definition: The philosophical doctrine that every event, actRead MoreDeterminism Is True By Robert Blatchford And Walter Terence Stace874 Words   |  4 Pagestruly mean I am free? There are a lot of questions that you can ask yourself while following a routine. Is this really the path I should have taken? Were my choices determined by external factors? Determinism is the thesis that an any instant there is only one physically possible future. Robert Blatchford and Walter Terence Stace, two philosophers, both agree that determinism is true, although they have two different views on whether this means that people are free or not. Blatchford believes thatRead MorePersuasive Essay : Animal Lover979 Words   |  4 PagesIf there are any two words that could describe me better than anything, they would be â€Å"animal lover.† Animals have always been a huge part of my life—my passion—which is why I am now pursuing a career in Veterinary Medicine. With this being said, when I fourteen years old, I had a p et calf named Lucy. I had raised and bottle-fed Lucy from the time she was only a day old. She was a great pet and friend. I loved that calf and she loved me. One sunny summer day, I came home to find that Lucy was notRead MoreDeterminism Vs. Free Will1341 Words   |  6 PagesDeterminism is a doctrine suggesting that for every event there exist conditions that could cause no alternative event. Free will is a philosophical term describing a particular sort of capacity of rational agents to choose a course of action from among various alternatives. Understandably, the dichotomy between these two concepts is a topic philosophers have debated over for many years. As a result of these debates, a number of alternative philosophical perspectives arguing for the existence ofRead MorePersonal Journal: Philosophy Class1273 Words   |  6 Pagesit. I learned a lot different philosophers’ theories. When I learned their theories, I never thought of it. I walks day-by-day living my life and I never thought how my day plays out the way its does or breaking down how my day. I have my own individuals have a choice how I live and decide on where I goes. There are different between free will and determinism. The question is Do you believe we live in a free will world or has everything been planned out and is determined to happen no matter whatRead MoreOutline on the Free Will Argument Essay719 Words   |  3 PagesThe Free Will Argument (There is Free Choice) I. Introduction a. Attention Gatherer: Nothing is completely random, and everything is determined, as the determinist would say, but as humans, there is such a thing as self determinism. Each action has a cause, it is not random, and it is rational, but it is also a choice. Each individual can choose to do a multitude of things, and thus the actions are free, and they are not wholly predictable, but they are not wholly unpredictable either

Julian the Apostate and Fall of Paganism

When the Roman Emperor Julian (Flavius Claudius Julianus) came to power, Christianity was less popular than polytheism, but when Julian, a pagan (in contemporary usage) known as the Apostate, was killed in battle, it was the end of Roman official acceptance of polytheism. Although paganism was popular, Julians practice was more ascetic than normal pagan practices, which may be why paganism failed when the Apostate reinstated it. From  Gore Vidals  Julian: Julian has always been something of an underground hero in Europe. His attempt to stop Christianity and revive Hellenism exerts still a romantic appeal. When the Roman emperor Julian the Apostate, died in Persia, his supporters failed to maintain support for paganism as the official state religion. It wasnt called paganism at the time, but was known as Hellenism and is sometimes referred to Hellenistic paganism. Instead of the ancient religion returning to the Roman Empire, the popular Emperor Constantines Christianity re-emerged as the dominant one. This seems odd since Christianity wasnt as popular among the people as Hellenism, so scholars have searched Julians life and administration for clues to why the apostasy (which means the standing away from [Christianity]) failed. Julian (born A.D. 332), the nephew of the first Christian emperor, Constantine, was trained as a Christian, yet he is known as an apostate because when he became emperor (A.D. 360) he opposed Christianity. In The Demise of Paganism, James J. ODonnell suggests that the emperors particularly vehement stance against Christianity (and support for the other monotheistic religion, Judaism) stems from his Christian upbringing. Julians Intolerance Although any such generalization is hazardous, pagans of the time generally held religion to be a private matter, while Christians behaved strangely in trying to convert others to their faith. They claimed that Salvation made possible through Jesus was the only true belief. In the wake of the Nicene Council, Christian leaders condemned all who failed to believe in the prescribed manner. To be a pagan in the old tradition, Julian should have let everyone worship as he or she wished. Instead of letting each person worship in his own way, Julian stripped the Christians of their privileges, powers, and rights. And he did so from their own perspective: the intolerant attitude that ones private religion is of public concern. From The Demise of Paganism: In summary, it is necessary to look upon the religious sociology of the fourth century with two separate (if often, and confusingly, overlapping) distinctions in mind: that between worshippers of Christ and worshippers of other gods; and that between men who could accept a plurality of worships and those who insisted on the validity of a single form of religious experience to the exclusion of all others. Julians Elitism Other writers say the failure of Julian to reintegrate Hellenistic paganism into the framework of Roman society came from his inability to make it popular and his insistence that true understanding is impossible to the average mortal, but is reserved for philosophers. Another important factor was that the Christian creeds were far more unified than paganism. Paganism wasnt a single religion and adherents to different gods did not necessarily support each other.   The panoply of religious experience in the Roman world before Constantine was simply bewildering: from back-yard fertility rites through public, state-supported cults to the mystical ascents of which Platonic philosophers wrote with such devotion—and everything between, over, under, and all around such phenomena. There were public cults indigenous to the various parts of the empire, certain generally (if often lukewarmly) accepted devotions such as that to the divinity of the emperors, and a vast array of private enthusiasms. That such a spectrum of religious experiences should produce a single-minded population capable of forming itself into a single pagan movement with which Christianity could struggle is simply not probable. Lack of a Powerful Pagan Successor to Julian In 363, when Julian died, he was succeeded by Jovian, a Christian, at least nominally, instead of the obvious choice, Julians praetorian prefect, the moderate polytheist, Saturninius Secundus Salutius. Secundus Salutius didnt want the job even though it meant continuing Julians mission. Paganism was diverse and tolerant of this diversity. Secundus Salutius didnt share the late emperors parochial attitudes or specific beliefs. No other pagan emperor came to power before the Roman state outlawed pagan practices. Even so 1,700 years later, we continue to be predominantly a Christian society in terms of our beliefs, it may have been the pagan attitude of religious tolerance that prevailed. Sources and Further References Ch.23, Part I of Gibbons The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire.Julians Pagan Revival and the Decline of Blood Sacrifice, by Scott Bradbury;  Phoenix Vol. 49, No. 4 (Winter, 1995), pp. 331-356.

A Modest Rape The Eighteenth Century And The Power Of...

Linda Rector May 14, 2015 ENG 215 Final Research Paper A Modest Rape: The Eighteenth Century and the Power of Satire During the restoration in the eighteenth century, wit and reason came to the forefront of literary works. Keen intellect and sharp observation exposed moral corruption of the neoclassic British society through the use of satiric literature. Although they placed importance on the ideals of order, knowledge, and rational, there was an underlying obsession with maintaining a faà §ade of moral and political supremacy. British satirists, such as Jonathan Swift and Alexander Pope, aimed to expose their society’s shortcomings, and to ridicule centuries of conditioned thought. Although Pope and Swift used different mediums to present their satire, they both focused on the ludicrous aspects of British nobility, and found ways to point out their morally corrupt standards of living. In Alexander Pope’s poem The Rape of the Lock, he criticizes the fallacies of vanity in the upper class, and how socialites used religion as a commodity. The story was actually based on an incident among Pope’s friends in which Robert, Lord Petre cut off a lock of Aranella Fermor’s hair, which caused a dispute among their families (Olsen 218). A mutual friend named John Caryll convinced Pope to write the poem as an attempt to mend the broken bond between the two families. The plan worked, and everyone was content until Pope decided to publish the poem for fear of plagiarism (Olsen 219).Show MoreRelatedJohn Cleland s Memoirs Of A Woman Of Pleasure Essay6388 Words   |  26 Pageswhat may be described as the stereotypic prostitute. The repeated portraits of fair-skinned Englishwomen who are incapable of pregnancy, immune to disease, and â€Å"sexually responsive far beyond the call of . . . professional duty† become â€Å"the eighteenth‑century ve rsion of the centerfold† (Markley 348), verbally airbrushing both the prostitutes’ looks and the harsh realities of their working conditions in order to stimulate a male readership that has a libidinal investment in the novel’s sexual fantasy

Noting Free Essays

CONTENTS Page 1. 0 2. 0 3. We will write a custom essay sample on Noting or any similar topic only for you Order Now 0 4. 0 5. 0 6. 0 7. 0 8. 0 9. 0 10. 0 11. 0 UGC Act, 1956 as Modified upto the 20th December, 1985 UGC Inspection of Universities Rules, 1960 UGC Rules regarding Fitness of Universities, 1974-88 UGC Returns of Information by Universities Rules, 1979 UGC Fitness of Institutions for Grants Rules, 1975 Recognition of College in Terms of Regulations, 1974 Framed under the UGC Act. UGC (Establishment and Maintenance of Institutions) Regulations, 1985 UGC Regulations, 1985 regarding the Minimum Standards of Instruction for the Grant of the First Degree UGC Regulations, 1991 regarding Minimum Qualifications for Appointment of Teachers in Universities and Colleges List of Degrees specified for the purposes of Section 22 of the UGC Act. UGC Rules, 1996 regarding Fitness of Health Sciences and Medical Universities for receiving grants 1 23 25 37 39 41 43 46 57 62 73 THE UNIVERSITY GRANTS COMMISSION ACT, 1956 Considered a leader, a statesman, and a humanist, William Jefferson Clinton’s genius exemplifies many characteristics of the Age of Modernism and Pluralism in Western culture. The Age of Modernism and Pluralism is said to be a culmination of the previous two major periods in human history. Modernism has the â€Å"quest for an authoritatively-rational aesthetics, ethics, and knowledge indicative of the Enlightened Period† (â€Å"PostModernism†, 2005), and the higher ideals of respect for people’s rights and liberty brought forth during the Romantic period. Former president Bill Clinton’s contributions to social and civil reforms in the United States, his support of the spread of democracy throughout the world, and his previous and ongoing support for the humanities constitute this nomination for the 20th Century Genius Award. How to cite Noting, Papers

Eastern Europe Igcse free essay sample

Estern Europe and the Cold War 1948-1989 How secure was Soviet control of Europe 1948-1968? * How did Stalin control Eastern Europe? * After the war political vacuum in many countries of Eastern Europe. Stalin helped the communist parties in them to win power Cominform â€Å"communist information bureau† organization to co-ordinate the communist government in Eastern Europe. Made meetings and sent out instructions to communist government about what the USSR wanted them to do. * Need to restore law and order. This provided an excuse to station Soviet troops in each country. Economies in Eastern Europe where devastated USSR took over all industry and told farmers and workers what to produce. Comecon: â€Å"council for mutual economic assistance† Coordinates the industries and trade of the Eastern Europe countries. Favoured the USSR as it provided a market and guaranteed a cheap supply of raw materials. It set up a bank for socialist countries. * What did people in east Europe think of the USSR control? * Brought hope. * USSR had achieve great industrial growth before the WW2 people thought they could do the same. Soviet- style communist also offered stable government and security because they were backed by one of the world? s superpowers. * However, reality was different of what people hoped for lost the right to criticize the government, newspapers where censored, one-party permitted, people where forbidden to travel to countries in western Europe†¦ * Between 1945 and 1955 economy did recover, but factories did not produce what people wanted. They produced what soviet wanted. * Wages fell. * Were forbidden to apply for marshal aid (economic help from the USA) * Shortages of raw products (milk, clothes, coal, meat) Little chance to protest lived oppressed. * The rise of Khrushchev * Stalin was a hero to millions of people in the USSR: defeated Hitler, given the USSR and empire in Eastern Europe and made a nuclear superpower. * Died in 1953: Nikita Khrushchev He was very different from Stalin. He ended the USSR? s long feuds with China and with Yugoslavia. He talked of peaceful co-existence with the west. Made plans to reduce arm production. Attended the first post-war summit between the USSR, the USA, France and Britain. And said he wanted to improve the living standards of ordinary Soviet citizens and those of eastern Europe. He closed down Cominform and released thousands of political prisoners. Basically he gave more freedom and independence to the Eastern Europe countries. * De-stalinisation Attack to Stalin. Dredged the evidence of Stalin’s purges and denounced him as a wicked tyrant who was an enemy of people and kept all power to himself. * Released political prisoners * Closed down cominform as policy to reconciliate with Yugoslavia. * Invited Marshal Tito to Moscow. * Dismissed Stalin’s former Foreign Minister. * People saw hopeful times ahead. * The Warsaw pact Easter Europe barrier against attack from West. * Military alliance similar to NATO. Members would defend each other if one is attacked. Included all communist countries in easter Europe but Yugoslavia. * How did the USSR deal with opposition in eastern Europe? * Attack to Polish police 1956 government had increased food prices but not wages. Krushchev moved troops to the Polish border. agreement between krushchev and Wladyslaw Gomulka (Poland leader): communist would stop persecuting members of the catholic church. CASE 1: Hungary, 1956 Why was there opposition in Hungary? * Hard-line communist Rakosi many restriction and Hungarians hated them. * Peopled lived in fear. * Areas of Hungary had Russian street signs, schools and shops. AND had to pay for soviet forces to be in Hungary. * June 1956 group of rebels opposed Rakosi. He appealed to Moscow for help denied help. New leader huge student demonstration: giant statue of Stalin in Budapest was pulled down. New government formed: Imre Nagy. Several thousands of Hungarian soldiers deflected from the army to the rebel cause, taking their weapons with them. Nagys government began to plan free elections, create impartial courts, restore farmland to private ownership and total withdrawal of the s oviet army from Hungary. Also p * Planned to leave the warsaw and declare Hungary neutral. Einsenhower (US president) support the new independent Hungary. * How did the USSR respond? * At first accept some of the reforms. He couldn’t accept Hungary leaving the Warsaw pact. In November soviet troops moved to Budapest Hungarians did not give Nagy and fellow leaders were executed. * Resistance was crushed in 2 weeks. CASE 2: Czechoslovakia and the Prague Spring, 1968 Why was there opposition? * Alexander Dubcek become leader proposed a policy of â€Å"socialism with a human face†: less censorship, more freedom of speech and a reduction in the activities of secret police. He didn? t want to leave the Warsaw pact or Comecon. * Censorship had been eased, they were able to launch attacks on the communist leadership, pointing out how corrupt and useless they were. Period known as â€Å"Prague Spring†: all new ideas seemed to be appearing everywhere. * How did the USSR respond? * Czechoslovakia was very i mportant in the Warsaw pact. It was centrally placed and had the strongest industry. USSR was worried ideas might spread to other countries. * Tried to slow Dubcek down USSR, polish and eastern German troops performed public training exercises in Czech border. Also thought about imposing economic sanction, but didn’t because though Czechs would ask help from West. * July the USSR had a summit conference with the Czechs. Dubcek insisted on keeping most of his reforms. * August, conference of all the other Warsaw Pact countries produced a vague declaration calling the Czechs to maintain political stability. * 20 August 1968 soviet tanks moved into Czechoslovakia. Little violent resistance, although Czechs refused to co-operate with the USSR troops. Dubcek was removed from power * Brezhnev Doctrine: * One-party system * Remain a member of the Warsaw pact. Before soviet invasion, Czechoslovakia’s mood had been optimist. After, it was despair. Become resentful of the soviet connection. 20 years later Gorbachev, questioned the invasion and was himself spreadi ng ideas of the Prague Spring. Why was the Berlin wall? * Some people wished to leave eastern Europe (economic or political reasons). Standard living was way better in West Europe. Contrast was particularly great in the divided city of Berlin. East Germans could watch West television. * It was very tempting to leave East Germany highly skilled workers. Communist government could not lose these high-quality people. * Wall built to prevent people leaving. Families were divided, chaos and confusion followed. The west reaction to the Berlin wall†¦ * For a while, the wall created a major crisis * Kennedy: â€Å"its not a very nice solution, but a wall is a hell of a lot better than war† * Wall was a symbol o division, of Germany, Europe and the world. The communist presented the wall as a protective shell around Berlin. The West presented it as a prison wall. Why did soviet control of Eastern Europe collapse in 1989? Why did the Cold War thaw in the 1970s? 1) Worries about the arm race, nuclear testing damaged the environment, cost a fortune and was seen by many as immoral. Anti-nuclear movement in the west that support the detente. 2) End of Vietnam war: improved relations between the USA, USSR and China. 3) High hand shake: American astronauts and soviets cosmonauts met up and shook hands in space. This was quite literally the high point of detente. 4) Helsinki conference, august 1975: All countries recognised the borders set out after the WW2, including division of Germany. Agreed to respect human rights- eg: freedom of speech, freedom of movement from countries. 5) Worries about arm race, leader held summit meetings: Brezhnev visit Washington and Nixon went to Moscow. Nuclear arms limitation treaty, SALT1 and SALT2. 6) Worries about arm race, space programmes of USA and the USSR: had helped to develop complex missiles. Arms race was very costly, both superpowers saw this as money that could be spent more wisely on foreign aid to poor countries or improving the conditions. Why did the cold war freeze again in the 1980s? 1) Revolution in Iran: Shah of Iran was overthrown. USA had supported the Shah because it needed the oil. The new government was strongly anti-American but also strong anti-communist. Wanted society based on Islamic values. Increased tension between superpowers. 2) Civil wars in Nicaragua and El Salvador and in Angola: communist rebels tried to overthrow the government. The USA funded the governments against rebels. ) Human rights: Jimmy Carter (us president) openly criticised the USSR suppression of dissidents. 4) Collapse of SALT 2: 1979 signed, but as relations where so deteriorated that the US congress refused to approve SALT2. 5) Afghanistan: pro-soviet regime was under serious threat from its Muslim opponents, the Mujahideen. To protect the regime, soviet forces entered Afghani stan. Western Europe powers were worried that the USA could get to close to the West oil supplies In the middle East. USA secretly began to send money, arms and equipment to Pakistan and from there to Mujahideen. This becomes the USSR equivalent of Vietnam War. It was a nightmare campaign. 6) Moscow and Los Angeles Olympics: in protest at soviet involvement in the Afghan War, USA boycotted the 1980 Olympic games in Moscow. In retaliation, The USSR boycotted the Los Angeles Olympics (4 years later) 7) Ronald Reagan: called the USSR an â€Å"evil empire† and supported anti-communist forces in Afghanistan and Nicaragua. How significant was Solidarity? * Regular protests in Poland. About wages or food prices. Wanted to improve the standard of living. * Seemed happy during the 1970s industries performed well. 1976 economic crisis. Government didn’t know how to solve the problems – just propaganda. * Late 1970s Polish workers become involved in setting small independent trade unions. * 1980 strikes broke all over the country. Over the next 6 months a new trade union: solidarity, went from strength to strength. * Workers (Lecha Walesa) put forward 21 demands to the government, i ncluding the free trade unions and right to strike. government agreed all demands solidarity grows. * Why did the polish government agreed to Solidarity’s demands in 1980? Union was strongest in those industries that were most important for the government- membership particularly high among skilled workers and foremen. A strike would have destroy the economy. * Was not seen as an alternative to communist party. * Union very popular. Lech Walesa was a kind of folk hero, and movement was very trustworthy. * Had support of catholic church. Almost all poles where catholic, so church wasn’t crush by communists. Catholicism was part of the glue that gets Poland together. The communist government and church had agreed that the church wouldn’t interfere in the government. The government dared not confront the church. * Government was playing for time. Hoped solidarity would split into factions. then its jobs would be easy. * USSR had half eye on the west. Solidarity had won support in the West, Lech was constantly interviewed and photographed. The scale of the movement ensured that the USST treated the Polish crisis cautiously. * Clampdown: civilian Prime Minister resigned and the leader of the army, general Jaruzelski, took over. * After negotiation with Jaruzelki, Walesa called off a strike at bydgoscz. * â€Å"rural solidarity† was set up as a farmers? rade union. * Lech Walesa was elected chairman of solidarity. sent a letter to workers of eastern Europe campaigning for all workers rights in communist bloc. * Negotiation broke between Walesa and Jarzelski poland was at the edge of chaos. Government was unestable. * Brezhnev ordered the Red Army to carry out â€Å"training manoeuvers† on the polish borders. * Jaruzelsky suspended Sol idarity. little resistance. People from solidarity were taken for â€Å"preventive and cautionary talks† * Why did the polish government clamp down on solidarity in December 1981? Solidarity was acting as a political party government said it had secret tapes of solidarity setting a new provisional government. Was a challenge to communist authority. * Poland was sinking into chaos. Food shortages. National income had fallen as well as the industrial production. Unemployment was common and strikes continued long after it was order to stop. * Solidarity itself was also in chaos. Some felt they needed to push the communist harder to progress. * Attitude of soviet union. thought the situation had gone to far. If Poland’s leaders couldn’t restore communist control, they would. This was something Poland leaders wanted to avoid. * Poles no longer trusted communists. Supporting solidarity was the best way to show that they didn’t support the leadership of the communists. They respected solidarity and the church and would rather trust them with their future. * Force was the only thing that kept communists in power. If military force was not used, then communist control seemed very unstable. * Aftermath * Tried to normalise the situation declared solidarity illegal. Pushed people to join the patriotic movement for national regeneration (were under threat) * Leaders of solidarity and priests were murdered and pursued. * USA impose trade sanctions on Poland. Economic chaos followed inflation. * Time later solidarity was open again, but never become a mass organization again. It frighten with call a nationwide strike against price rises and cooperate with the church. 1988 organized a boycott in the elections. * In 1986 international attention turned to a new problem of the USSR Mikhail Gorbachev. * President Walesa * Solidarity demanded open elections solidarity won. Lech Walesa became the first non-communist president of Poland since before the 2WW. How did Gorbachev try to change the USSR? * USSR economy was in crisis. spending to much money in arms. It was locked in the Afghanistan war. , * Gorbachev was concern on peoples attitude to work. government didn’t incentive people to work harder. In the days of stalin people worked hard for fear, bur those days were gone, replaced by pessimism. There was no loyalty to the government, no trust and people who didn’t even care. * Problem: alcoholism life expectancy had decreased. * Goods weren’t working properly. Policy: glasnost (openness: free say, stop censuring books and TV, no fear to say something inappropriate) and perestroika (restructuring: market forces, no longer illegal to buy and sell profit. ) * Cut spending on defense, red army decreased and cut armament expenditure. Also withdrew people from Afghanistan and talked about international trust and cooperation. Why did s oviet control of eastern Europe collapse? * Not successful policies. economy couldn’t modernize as quickly as people wanted. * 1989 neither Gorbachev new what he was doing and he couldn’t go back.

Civil rights movement 3 Essay Example For Students

Civil rights movement 3 Essay Civil rights are the freedoms and rights that a person may have as a member of a community, state, or nation. Civil rights include freedom of speech, of the press, and of religion. Among others are the right to own property and to receive fair and equal treatment from government, other persons, and private groups. Law protects a persons civil rights and custom, courts of law decide whether a persons civil rights have been violated. The courts also determine the limits of civil rights, so that people do not use their freedoms to violate the rights of others. Courts of law decide whether a persons civil rights have been violated. The courts also determine the limits of civil rights, so that people do not use their freedoms to violate the rights of others. The United States Constitution describes the basic civil rights of American citizens. Each state constitution has a bill or declaration of rights. When Americans raise questions about the extent and limits of civil rights, they turn to the Supreme Courts decisions for the answers. The court often defines the limits of a right by balancing the right of the individual against the rights of society in general. The First Amendment is the basis of the democratic process in the United States. The First Amendment forbids Congress to pass laws restricting freedom of speech, of the press, of peaceful assembly, or of petition. Many people consider freedom of speech the most important freedom and the foundation of all other freedoms. The First Amendment also forbids Congress to pass laws establishing a state religion or restricting religious freedom. The Supreme Court has ruled that the 14th Amendment makes the guarantees of the 1st Amendment apply to the state governments. Many parts of the Constitution, congressional and state laws, and court decisions require the government to treat individuals fairly. These requirements reflect a basic principle in the American legal system called due process. The 5th and 14th amendments forbid the government to deprive a person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law. Due process of law includes court procedures that protect individuals accused of wrongdoing. People accused of a crime must be informed of their constitutional rights and of the charges against them. Persons on trial may cross-examine their accusers and may force witnesses to testify. The United States has many minority groups. These minorities include blacks, Jews, Asian Americans, European immigrants, Hispanic Americans, American Indians, homosexuals, and people with handicaps. Members of these groups often have not had an equal chance for economic, political, or social advancement. Members of some minorities have been denied the right to vote. Many persons have been discriminated against in housing, education, and employment, and have been denied equal access to restaurants, hotels, and other public accommodations and facilities. A main goal has been to end such discrimination and guarantee equal rights and opportunities for all people. Black Americans, who make up the largest minority group in the United States, have been denied their full civil rights more than any other minority group. Black Americans made significant gains in their struggle for equal rights during Reconstruction, the 12-year period after the American Civil War. During Reconstruction, Congress passed several laws to protect blacks civil rights. The 13th Amend., adopted in 1865, abolished slavery in the United States. In 1868, the 14th Amendment made the former slaves citizens. It also provided that the states must grant all people within their jurisdiction equal protection of the laws. The 15th Amendment prohibited the states from denying people the right to vote because of their race. During the late 1870s, white Americans increasingly disregarded the newly won rights of black Americans. The government itself contributed greatly to denying blacks their rights. In 1883, the Supreme Court ruled that congressional acts to prevent racial discrimination by private individuals were unconstitutional. In 1896, in the case of Plessy vs. Ferguson, the Supreme Court upheld a Louisiana law requiring separate but equal accommodations for blacks and whites in railroad cars. .ud70563e10430500576e569aadfded9c4 , .ud70563e10430500576e569aadfded9c4 .postImageUrl , .ud70563e10430500576e569aadfded9c4 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud70563e10430500576e569aadfded9c4 , .ud70563e10430500576e569aadfded9c4:hover , .ud70563e10430500576e569aadfded9c4:visited , .ud70563e10430500576e569aadfded9c4:active { border:0!important; } .ud70563e10430500576e569aadfded9c4 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud70563e10430500576e569aadfded9c4 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud70563e10430500576e569aadfded9c4:active , .ud70563e10430500576e569aadfded9c4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud70563e10430500576e569aadfded9c4 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud70563e10430500576e569aadfded9c4 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud70563e10430500576e569aadfded9c4 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud70563e10430500576e569aadfded9c4 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud70563e10430500576e569aadfded9c4:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud70563e10430500576e569aadfded9c4 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud70563e10430500576e569aadfded9c4 .ud70563e10430500576e569aadfded9c4-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud70563e10430500576e569aadfded9c4:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Taunts Essay For over 50 years, many Southern states used the separate but equal rule established in this case to segregate the races in public schools, and .